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Brain And Behaviour > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Brain weighs how much at birth

A

About 350g

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2
Q

Brain weighs how much in adulthood

A

About 1300g

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3
Q

Brain development and maturation is not

A

Linear

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4
Q

Whens the germinal stage

A

1-2 weeks

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5
Q

Whens the embryonic stage

A

3-8 weeks

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6
Q

Whens the fetal stage

A

9-38 weeks

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7
Q

The nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse to form

A

A zygote

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8
Q

Zygotes divide by a process called

A

Cleavage, to form morula

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9
Q

What’s morula

A

A cluster of homogeneous cells

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10
Q

The morula continues to divide to form

A

A blastocyst

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11
Q

What stage begins when implantation takes place

A

Embryonic

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12
Q

In gastrulation, uneven rate of cell development forms what three layers

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
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13
Q

In gastrulation, the ectoderm folds in on itself to form

A
  • The neural tube

- Will eventually become the nervous system

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14
Q

Stages of brain development

A
  • Cell birth (Neurogenesis)
  • Cell migration
  • Cell differentiation
  • Synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning
  • Cell death
  • Myelination
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15
Q

Cell birth process

A
  • 250,000 neurons are born per minute
  • Involves stem cells found in the inner surface of the neural tube
  • Stem cells form progenitor cells
  • Once formed, new cells migrate out the ventricular zone
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16
Q

Migration process occurs with the help of

A
  • Chemical signals

- Physical support provided by the radial glia

17
Q

Differentiation and maturation process

A
  • Primitive neurons begin to express genes that cause them to specialise
  • Start to form axons and dendrites
  • Immature cells get the traits of the region if implanted early
  • Once they mature they lose that property
18
Q

Synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning

A
  • Growth cone is the growing end of axon
  • Filopodia is growth cone extensions
  • Growth comes attracted to chemicals released from target sites
19
Q

Cell death process

A
  • Non active synapses will be eliminated
  • Apoptosis is programmed cell death
  • To avoid apoptosis neurons need neurotrophins and active communication with other neurons
20
Q

Myelination process

A
  • Glia form fatty sheath on neurons
  • Occurs first in the spinal cord, then hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
  • Slow process
  • Correlation between Myelination and ability to grasp
21
Q

Nottebohm found that songbirds

A

Had a steady replacement of neurons in the singing area

22
Q

Stem cells in the nose remain

A

Immature and periodically divide

23
Q

Hippocampus experiences

A

Neurogenesis, facilitates learning

24
Q

Are new neurons formed in our cerebral cortex

A

No

25
Q

Where is recovery better than in the brain

A

The periphery

26
Q

Can destroyed cell bodies be replaced

A

No

27
Q

Can damaged axons grow back

A

Yes

28
Q

Recovery in the axons involves

A

Collateral sprouting, cells secrete neurotrophins that allow sprouting to occur

29
Q

People blind since infancy have

A

Enhanced tactile and auditory ability

30
Q

Burton et al 2002- blindness study

A
  • Sighted and blind people were asked to feel Braille letters and state wether they were the same
  • Blind performed better
  • Blind had substantial activity in the occipital cortex
31
Q

What is a critical period

A

A period during which the brain is most sensitive to a specific experience

32
Q

When is the brain most vulnerable

A

Immature brain

33
Q

What is spina bifida

A

Failure of the closure of the neural fold at the level of the spinal cord

34
Q

What is anencephaly

A

Brain fails to develop, results in stillborn

35
Q

What things during early development can cause disorders

A
  • Activation of the mother’s immune system
  • Prenatal malnutrition
  • Substance abuse
  • Complications during pregnancy
36
Q

Which stage of life is more impulsive

A

Adolescents

37
Q

Adolescents are 3-4 times more likely to

A

Die than younger children past infancy

Brain And Behaviour (7 decks)

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