Lecture 7: Harvesting chemical energy Flashcards
What are the 4 parts of cellular respiration in order
Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric acid cycle and Oxidative phosphorylisation (E- transport chain and Chemiosmosis)
As a simple molecule (eg glucose) undergoes an Anabolic reaction what way is ATP/ADP changing
energy is needed for this reaction so ATP becomes ADP
As a complex molecule (eg glucose) undergoes an catabolic reaction what way is ATP/ADP changing
energy is being released by this reaction so ADP becomes ATP
State the cellular respiration equation
6Glucose + 6Oxygen —-> 6 Carbon dioxide + 6 Water + ATP.
Where does Glycolysis take place and does it require oxygen
Cytosol
Describe the two phases of Glycolysis and whats made at the end
Energy investment phase where Glucose enters, 2 ATP are invested (broken down). Energy payoff phase is where 4 ATP are made, 2 NADH + 2H+ and the 2 pyruvate and 2 H2O are made.
What is the net ATP produced by Glycolysis and by which method is it produced.
Net 2 ATP produced by substrate- level phosphorylation.
Where does Pyruvate oxidation take place and does it require oxygen
In the mitochondrial matrix and it requires oxygen
Describe the process of pyruvate oxidation and the net products
1 CO2 is removed from pyruvate, One NAD+ grabs an electron to become NADH and Co-enzyme A adds to whats left of the pyruvate forming Acetyl CoA
What is the net ATP produced by Pyruvate oxidation and by which method is it produced.
none.
Where does Citric acid cycle take place and does it require oxygen
It occurs in the Mitochondrial matrix and does require O2
What does the citric acid cycle do and what are the products that come out
The citric acid cycle takes all the energy out of acetyl coA by breaking all the C bonds. It produces 4CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 per glucose ( 1 glucose = 2 pyruvates)
What is the net ATP produced by Citric acid cycle and by which method is it produced.
2 ATP per glucose - substrate level phosphorylation
Where does the Electron transport chain take place and does it require oxygen
Takes place across transmembrane protein complexes at the inner mitochondrial membrane between intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. It requires O2
What happens in the ETC (3 steps)
NADH and FADH2 lose electrons (are oxidised) and donate their electrons to the electron carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
These electrons causes integral membrane proteins to pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Electrons are transferred down a chain of carrier proteins until O2 pulls the e- down as the final acceptor, forming H2O.
Where does Chemiosmosis take place and does it require oxygen
Takes place going from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase the inner mitochondrial membrane protein.
What happens in Chemiosmosis
The H+ in the intermembrane space rush down their conc gradient through ATP synthase transmembrane protein. This enables ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
What is the net ATP produced by Chemiosmosis and by which method is it produced.
26-28 ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylisation ( ETC + Chemiosmosis)
Complete oxidation of 1 glucose produces how much ATP
30-32 ATP
What are the 3 things cellular respiration can work with
Fatty acids, glucose and amino acids
out of the three things that cellular respiration can work with what cannot be 2 carbon chains but has to be three chains first before being broken to 2 chains
glucose. Fatty acids and amino acids can be 2 carbon chains
At what stage of respiration does the 2 carbon chain enter and what products are made from that
The citric acid cycle. CO2 is produced
What is the second stage for amino acids/ fatty acids in respiration
taken by co enzymes to the ETC where O2 is put in, ATP is taken out and H2O is a waste product
What is cellular respiration controlled by?
Feedback mechanisms that target allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and citric acid cycle
What is the kinase that is rate limiting for glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
Does AMP stimulate or inhibit rate limiting kinase for glycolysis?
stimulate
Does Citrate from citric acid cycle stimulate or inhibit rate limiting kinase for glycolysis
inhibit
Does ATP from 4 stages of respiration stimulate or inhibit rate limiting kinase for glycolysis
inhibit
What cells secrete insulin
beta cells on the islets of langerhans (pancreas)
Which body system does the pancreas belong to
the digestive and endocrine
What cells secrete glucagon
alpha cells on the islets of langerhans
