Lecture 7 - Feb 6 Flashcards
What is mitral regurgitation?
A leaky valve between the left ventricle and left atrium.
When does retrograde perfusion occur in mitral regurgitation?
When the pressure in the ventricle is higher than in the atrium.
During which phase does backward blood flow likely begin in mitral regurgitation?
Phase 2, at the beginning of isovolumetric contraction.
What happens to backward blood flow in Phase 3?
It continues throughout systole.
When is backward blood flow expected to be the highest during Phase 4?
At the beginning of Phase 4 when ventricular pressure is highest.
What is the formula for ejection fraction (EF)?
Stroke Volume / End Diastolic Volume.
What is a normal ejection fraction value?
Approximately 58% (e.g., 70/120).
How does dilated cardiomyopathy affect ejection fraction?
It typically lowers the ejection fraction.
What type of hypertrophy is characterized by thin walls?
Eccentric hypertrophy.
What type of hypertrophy is characterized by thick walls?
Concentric hypertrophy.
In concentric hypertrophy, how are sarcomeres added?
In parallel.
In eccentric hypertrophy, how are sarcomeres added?
In series.
What typically causes concentric hypertrophy?
High afterload.
What does the thyroid gland influence in the cardiovascular system?
Metabolism, growth, and fluid balance.
What are the two main thyroid hormones?
T3 and T4.
What percentage of thyroid hormone released by the thyroid gland is T4?
93%.
What is another name for T4?
Thyroxine.
What is the chemical name for T3?
Triiodothyronine.
What condition is indicated by an unexplained high heart rate in a patient without heart problems?
Hyperthyroidism.
What is a goiter?
Protrusion of the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland.
What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Innervates the muscles of the larynx.
What can happen if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged during surgery?
The patient may have difficulty speaking.
What is the relationship between the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and the aortic arch?
It passes under the aortic arch before innervating the larynx.
What type of blood flow does the thyroid gland have?
Rich vascularity with a high rate of blood flow.