Lecture 7: Carbohydrates

Question 1

what is empirical formula of carb

Answer 1

(CH2O)n
N is ≥ 3

Question 2

name of carb joined to a protein or lipid

Answer 2

glycoconjugate

Question 3

what are the 2 types of monosacch

Answer 3

aldoses (most oxd carbon at end of chain)
ketoses (most oxd carbond in middle of chain)

Question 4

what is assymetrical carbon

Answer 4

has 4 diff things bound to it

Question 5

what is enantiomer

Answer 5

2 molecules that are mirror images of each other (exists in molecules that have a single assymetric carbon)

Question 6

is D or L more commonly seen

Answer 6

in carbs the D enantiomer is more common

Question 7

Diastereomers what is it

Answer 7

stereoisomers that isn’t an enatiomer

Question 8

how to make hemiacetal

Answer 8

aldehyde + alcohol

Question 9

how to go from hemiacetal to acetal

Answer 9

another alcohol
(same thing applies to hemiketal and ketal)

Question 10

if it’s alpha, is hydroxyl pointing down or up

Answer 10

pointing down

Question 11

if it has a 6 membered ring (5C and 1O), what is it called

Answer 11

pyranose

Question 12

if it has a 5 membered ring (5 carbon, oneO) what is it called

Answer 12

furanose

Question 13

what bond links monosacch

Answer 13

glycosidic bond

Question 14

which form,alpha or beta, forms a straighter formation of a disacch

Answer 14

beta

Question 15

which form,alpha or beta, forms a straighter formation of a disacch

Answer 15

beta

Question 16

what is a homoglycan

Answer 16

homopolysaccharides containing only one type of monosaccharide

Question 17

what is a Heteroglycan

Answer 17

heteropolysaccharides containing residues of more than one type of monosaccharide

Question 18

plant glucose storage

Answer 18

starch

Question 19

what 2 things is starch made up of

Answer 19

amylose and amyopectin

Question 20

amylose structure

Answer 20

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
not branched
but cuz of bends, forms a compact helix

Question 21

amylopectin structure

Answer 21

also helix, but is branched due to alpha 1-6 bonds

Question 22

why are branches beneficial in amylopectin

Answer 22

increases compacteness
and more number of ends for enzymes to attack = faster release

Question 23

animal glucose storage

Answer 23

glycogen

Question 24

glycogen structure

Answer 24

vry branched, more than amylopectin
more compact,
better for animals cuz we have faster metabolism

Question 25

cellulose function

Answer 25

structural
component of plant cell wall

Question 26

cellulose structure

Answer 26

beta 1-4 linkage
not branched = stable
adjacent chains have hydrogen bonds
forms fibrils = high strength, insoluble

Question 27

benefit to proteins by being glycosylated

Answer 27

stabilises the proteins, makes them less accessable to enzymes

Question 28

what 2 AAs allow carbohydrate to bind to the OH group on its side chain, and what is this called

Answer 28

serine
threonine

o-glycosidic linkage

Question 29

what AA allow carbohydrate to bind to the NH group on its side chain, and what is this called

Answer 29

Asparagine

N-glycosidic linkage

Question 30

what are 3 components of nucleotide monomer

Answer 30

A five-carbon sugar
A heterocyclic nitrogenous base Phosphate group(s)

Question 31

aromatic nitrogenous base??

Answer 31

ATCG
and U

Question 32

what are dNTPs linked with

Answer 32

phosphodiester link

Question 33

what is released after phosphodiester bond

Answer 33

inorganic pyrophosphate

Question 34

what is a nucleoside

Answer 34

just sugar and base
no phosphate groups
(e.g. adenosine, cytidine, thymidine, guanosine)
when with a phosphate, then turns into nucleotide