Lecture 7: Carbohydrates Flashcards
what is empirical formula of carb
(CH2O)n
N is ≥ 3
name of carb joined to a protein or lipid
glycoconjugate
what are the 2 types of monosacch
aldoses (most oxd carbon at end of chain)
ketoses (most oxd carbond in middle of chain)
what is assymetrical carbon
has 4 diff things bound to it
what is enantiomer
2 molecules that are mirror images of each other (exists in molecules that have a single assymetric carbon)
is D or L more commonly seen
in carbs the D enantiomer is more common
Diastereomers what is it
stereoisomers that isn’t an enatiomer
how to make hemiacetal
aldehyde + alcohol
how to go from hemiacetal to acetal
another alcohol
(same thing applies to hemiketal and ketal)
if it’s alpha, is hydroxyl pointing down or up
pointing down
if it has a 6 membered ring (5C and 1O), what is it called
pyranose
if it has a 5 membered ring (5 carbon, oneO) what is it called
furanose
what bond links monosacch
glycosidic bond
which form,alpha or beta, forms a straighter formation of a disacch
beta
which form,alpha or beta, forms a straighter formation of a disacch
beta
what is a homoglycan
homopolysaccharides containing only one type of monosaccharide
what is a Heteroglycan
heteropolysaccharides containing residues of more than one type of monosaccharide
plant glucose storage
starch
what 2 things is starch made up of
amylose and amyopectin
amylose structure
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
not branched
but cuz of bends, forms a compact helix
amylopectin structure
also helix, but is branched due to alpha 1-6 bonds
why are branches beneficial in amylopectin
increases compacteness
and more number of ends for enzymes to attack = faster release
animal glucose storage
glycogen
glycogen structure
vry branched, more than amylopectin
more compact,
better for animals cuz we have faster metabolism
cellulose function
structural
component of plant cell wall
cellulose structure
beta 1-4 linkage
not branched = stable
adjacent chains have hydrogen bonds
forms fibrils = high strength, insoluble
benefit to proteins by being glycosylated
stabilises the proteins, makes them less accessable to enzymes
what 2 AAs allow carbohydrate to bind to the OH group on its side chain, and what is this called
serine
threonine
o-glycosidic linkage
what AA allow carbohydrate to bind to the NH group on its side chain, and what is this called
Asparagine
N-glycosidic linkage
what are 3 components of nucleotide monomer
A five-carbon sugar
A heterocyclic nitrogenous base Phosphate group(s)
aromatic nitrogenous base??
ATCG
and U
what are dNTPs linked with
phosphodiester link
what is released after phosphodiester bond
inorganic pyrophosphate
what is a nucleoside
just sugar and base
no phosphate groups
(e.g. adenosine, cytidine, thymidine, guanosine)
when with a phosphate, then turns into nucleotide
