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Population Health 102 > Lecture 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 and 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

Welfare level below a reasonable minimum - to live a health life

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2
Q

What are the 5 possible dimensions of absolute poverty?

A 
Income poverty
Food Poverty
Education Poverty
Security Poverty
Multiple Deprivation
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3
Q

What is the World Summit on Social Development’s definition of Absolute Poverty?

A

a condition characterised by sever deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services
- a lack of the things you fundamentally need to live a healthy life

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4
Q

What are some examples of absolute measures of poverty?

A

Income based - disposable income
Food-share method
Food-energy method

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5
Q

What does the Income based measure of Absolute Poverty include?

A

Looks soley at income (usually disposable)
WorldBack poverty lines:
Less than US$1.25 day (2005) = extreme poverty
Less than US$2.00 day (2005)= moderate poverty

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6
Q

What does the Food-share method measure of Absolute Poverty include?

A

Based on cost of basic food and non-food needs
e.g. US poverty line:
Income less than 3 times the cost of the US department of Agriculture’s “economy food plan” (1962) adjusted annually for inflation

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7
Q

What does the Food-energy method measure of Absolute Poverty include?

A

Consumption less than level that meets the food energy requirement

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8
Q

What is Absolute Poverty in relation to Health?

A

Absolute poverty is an extreme lack of material and/of structural resources, so fundamentally limits the ability to live a health life
Culture/behaviour, social selection (discrimination-eg homeless out further to unsafe places) and history are also important in understanding the causes and effects of absolute poverty on health, and health of poverty

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9
Q

What 3 elements are important to consider when understanding the causes and effects of absolute poverty on health, and health on poverty?

A

Culture/behaviour
Social Selection
History

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10
Q

What is Relative Poverty?

A

Big difference in income, wealth, living standards and deprivation between different groups in society actually cause significant health problems - lower end and population as a whole
“Relative difference in resources”

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11
Q

What is Townsend’s definition of Relative Poverty?

A

Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in (relative) poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encourages, or approved, in the societies to which they belong. They are, in effect, excluded from ordrinary living, patterns, customs and activities -cant participate in normal activities of society in which they live

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12
Q

What are the 3 examples of measures of Relative poverty?

A

Income based
Deprivation measures
Living standard measures

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13
Q

What does the income based measure of Relative Poverty include?

A

Looks at income relative to the population

OECD criteria- Medium household income

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14
Q

What is an example of the income based measure of Relative Poverty?

A

OECD criteria

Medium household income

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15
Q

What does the Deprivation Measure of Relative Poverty include?

A

Looks at things that people don’t have relative to the population

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16
Q

What is an example of a Deprivation Measure of Relative Poverty?

A

NZ Dep

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17
Q

What does the Living Standard Measures of Relative Poverty include?

A

Looks at the things that people have relative to the population

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18
Q

What is an example of a Living Standard Measure of Relative Poverty?

A

ELSI

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19
Q

What is an example of the Food-Share method Measure of Absolute Poverty?

A

US poverty line
-income less than 3 times the cost of the US Department of Agricultures “economy food plan” adjusted annually for inflation

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20
Q

What is Relative Poverty in relation to Health?

A

Economic inequality is especially bad for the health of poor people
Economic inequality is bad for the health of well-off people too
Economic inequality weakens communities and societies as a whole(US low life expectancy due to huge gap b/w rich and poor, pulls everyone down(opposite to japan))

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21
Q

Which 4 ways could Relative poverty affect health?

A

Does have an impact
Economically unequal societies tend to have greater levels of absolute poverty
Economically unequal societies tend to provide fewer safety nets
Economically unequal societies tend to have weaker social cohesion - care less about the poor, don’t look after each other
Living in a society with large difference in living standards can cause stress and anxiety which can damage peoples health

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22
Q

What is the British Medical Journal’s definition on Economic inequality and health?

A

fundamentally changes society and bottom and middle haven’t benefited from these changes, only rich have.
What matters in determining mortality and health in a society is less the overall wealth of that society, and more how evenly wealth is distributed, The more equally wealth is distributed the better the health of that society

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23
Q

What does Evidence of Social Support and Social Capital suggest?

A

There is increasing evidence of the importance of social resources, such as social support and social capital, for maintaining a healthy population

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24
Q

What is social support?

A

Social support is measured by the amount and frequency of contact with social network members and in terms of the perceived quality and stability of supportive relationships
-individual support networks (individual income)

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25
What are the domains of social relations?
``` 3x circles (inside --> out) Marriage --> children, close friends and relatives --> church and community groups ```
26
What is Social Capital?
Social capital represents the degree of social cohesion which exists in communities. It refers to the processes between people which establish networks, norms and social trust, and facilitate co-ordination and co-operation for mutual benefit WHO definition -how much social support added together, that a community has as a whole (household income)
27
What are the 3 methods of measuring social support and social capital?
Relational content Social network composition social integraition
28
What does the Relational content method of measuring social support and social capital include?
Satisfaction with quality of support, trust and reciprocity
29
What does the Social Network Composition method of Measuring Social Support and Social Capital include?
social network density - have to ask everyone, time consuming and hard to analyse homogeneity gender etc high density = all connected with each other
30
What does the Social Integration method of Measuring Social Support and Social Capital include?
whether the person has social relationships how often they meet marital status - easier and simplistic and from pop level census data membership of church
31
What are examples of Positive Social Support/Capital?
Mutual support Cooperation Trust "street party"
32
What are examples of Negative Social Support/Capital?
Sectarianism Ethnocentrism Corruption "Klu Klux Klan" - support each other to do harm to one another
33
What is Social Support and Social Capital in relation to Health?
Social Support/Capital can be a very powerful variable in times of crisis or stressful life events Many studies have shown a strong relationship between the amount of social support/capital available and health outcomes
34
What are some conclusion of Health in relation to Resources?
All different types of resources influence health Relative levels of resources are very important - in the society we live in Resources must play a significant role in any attempt to reduce SES-related inequalities
35
What is the relationship between Health and Cultural/Behavioural Determinants?
suggests that lower SES groups behave in ways more likely to damage their health Higher SES groups behave in ways that are less likely to damage their health e.g. smoking, drinking, bad diet, sedentary
36
What is the evidence regarding health and Cultural/Behavioural Determinants?
Evidence that lower SES groups are less likely to have healthy lifestyles That does NOT mean that they are making bad 'choices; about their behaviour -are influences a lot by other factors Conclusion: Can explain some of the health inequalities, but it only makes sense in relation to the other explanations
37
What are some examples of lower SES groups NOT making bad 'choices' about their behaviour?
They also face constraints and pressures imposed by the resources they have available -e.g. less material structural resources = stress,depression= culture of smoking, inactivity, bad diet etc They may face constraints imposed by social factors acting within SES group/level - e.g. history of not succeeding in life (e.g. uni) and seeing very few others success = Learned Helplessness, stress, depression, = culture of not trying or 'caring' (impression) The culture/behaviour of different SES groups is also the result of historical events - e.g. migration/colonisation = loss of material/structural resources = low SES= culture of smoking, inactivity, bad diet etc
38
What is the traditional explanation of the relationship between health and social class (SES)?
Traditionally this explanation has suggested that health is a CAUSE of social class (SES) rather than a consequence -discirmination (based on health status)
39
What is the Natural Selection Perspective?
Healthier individuals are 'selected' into higher classes based on their genetic superiorty
40
What is the Social Selection Perspective?
Healthier individuals selected into higher classes based on their ability to thrive in society - no genetic advantage but society is structures so that health people are advantaged - DISCRIMINATION based on health status
41
What are the two classes of effect of social selection?
Intra generational | Inter generational
42
What is the Intragenerational effect of Social Selection?
Individual moving up or down in SES during their life | e.g. developing chronic illness then unable to keep working -High socioeconomic group --> Low socioeconomic group
43
What is the Intergenerational effect of Social Selection?
``` individual moving up or down in SES relative to their class of origin e.g. born with impairment so unable to thrive as much as their parents/siblings ```
44
What are the two classes of selection?
Direct | indirect
45
What is Direct selection?
Selection based on actual health status e. g. not hiring somebody with a hearing impariemtn - think it is too hard
46
What is Indirect selection?
Selection based on potential health "marker" | e.g. not hiring smokers because they may have/develop health problems -potential to have days of work
47
Which method of selection does evidence support?
Evidence for social selection but not natural selection Some evidence for inter-generational selection Some evidence of intragenerational selection Some evidence for direct health based selection Some evidence for indirect health based selection Conclusion: Can explain small but significant amount of SES-related health inequalities in a non-casual way (flow on effect) Non-health-based discrimination can also be a major cause of health inequalities e.g. racism, ageism, SES-ism etc
48
What is an example of some evidence for inter-generational selection?
children from higher SES parents who are born with health problems are less likely to be high SES as an adult
49
What is an example of some evidence for intra-generational selection?
people who develop chronic health problems have higher rates of unemployment
50
What is an example of some evidence for direct health-based selection?
disabled people are less likely to be employed than non-disbaled
51
What is an example of some evidence for indirect health-based selection?
smokers are less likely to be employed than on-smokers
52
What does Historical context in relation to Health suggest?
Suggests that groups who have experience significant and/or traumatic events are often those in lower SES groups OR are more likely to end up in lower SES groups as a result of the event All interconnected
53
What is the explanation of the impact of Historical Context on health?
(loss of land by maori) The obvious explanation sit he loss of material and structural resources that might result from the event(s) so this explanation would indirectly explain SES differences through the material/structural explanation Changes in culture/behaviour can also occur as a result of the event(s), so another indirect cuase
54
What can historical events lead to?
discrimination AND the event can have a direct impact on the 'health' of the group e.g. unresolved anger, loss of status, loss of a feeling of belonging, survivor guilt etc (loss of land by maori)
55
What is the Life course Perspective?
Sees ALL of the explanations as being valid Suggests that these 'forces' are mutually reinforcing and linked together in a chain of events and experiences that can impact on health Different factors may be more or less influential at different stages in the life course- model can only be used at certain parts of peoples lives, dependant last what time in peoples the proportion of impact by a factor
56
What are the 13 critical period of the Life Course?
``` Fetal development Birth Nutrition, growth and health in adulthood Educational Career Leaving parental home Entering labour market Establishing social and sexual relationships Job loss or insecurity Parenthood Episodes of illness Labour market exit Chronic sickness Loss of full independence ```
57
What are some conclusions about SES inequalities?
SES-related health inequalities are HUGE Methods to measure SES are diverse and problematic Explanations for the patterns observed are complex -there are no simple or single answers -the MATERIAL/STRUCTURAL explanation is DOMINANT BUT linked to other explanations We must continue to refine and improve methods of measurement and bring more clarity to these explanations - as they are still getting worse- can't convince govt about need for change
58
Why is the Black report hard to find?
Government tried to bury it wasn't politically what they wanter to hear large portions of suffering population due to lack of material and structural resources. wanted to embark on a process of radical global economic change on the way we do business
59
What is absolute poverty like globallly?
12 % live below the line of absolute poverty worldwide | big issue
60
What happened in 1980 that caused a big change in the proportion of people living in relative poverty?
Welfare system changes benefits dropped substantially US, UK, everyone (globally) dropped safety barriers Remove trade barriers - opened up markets for businesses but took away protection of local businesses- more unemployed Unions removed - no longer a requirement of employment to be a union member -took away workers protections, and removed allowances Most of NZ's incomes went down (9yrs, drop by 10%) only top 10% didn't drop incomes = dif between rich and poor greater
61
What is the Gini coefficient?
A measure of income inequality in a country increases in 1980s flattening off now
62
Is NZ dep a measurement of relative or absolute poverty?
relative poverty
63
Are living standards a measurement of relative or absolute poverty?
relative poverty
64
IS relative poverty evenly distributed?
no, Maori have a greater level of relative poverty
65
What is the distribution of wealth and income?
Concentrated around the top of society
66
What is the income inequality like in Japan?
very small | higher life expectancy
67
What is the correlation between obesity and income?
A very high correlation
68
What is a good way of measuring social support/capital?
easier: ask marital status/church, better idea of social support, get from population level data (e.g. census) difficult: social network density, have to ask every individual community member who they're connected with, time consuming, not overly easy to analyse data
69
What are some negatives of measuring social capital simply?
not really measuring overall social support/capital | can look at bigger populations butt can't do fancy things with it
70
What are some negatives of measuring social capital difficultly?
limited with generalisation as it can be applied
71
What can be both positive and negative?
Social network/capital
72
What is the social network divert vs incidence of common cold relationship?
Low network density = high incidence of common cold
73
What is the relative risk of traumatic death &suicide?
High relative risk if not married, no close relative, not belonging to church
74
What is the Social networks vs CVD incidence in men relationship?
Fully integrated = love relative risk | Socially isolated = high relative risk
75
What is Learned Helplessness?
comes form Not succeeding in life and seeing very few others succeed = results in immobilisation (spelling example)-surrounded by impossible tasks Takes a long time to re-establish the trying behaviour
76
What is the distribution of unhealthy resources vs SES?
High number for Low SES | gaming machines, takeaway and liquor outlets
77
Why important is social selection?
NON-health-based discrimination can also be a major cause of health inequalities e.g. racism, ageism, SES-ism etc
78
What are the conclusion about SES measures?
MATERIAL/STRUCTURAL explanation is DOMINANT | -BUT is still linked to other explanations

Population Health 102 (14 decks)

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