Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Population Health 102 > Lecture 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 and 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

Welfare level below a reasonable minimum - to live a health life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 possible dimensions of absolute poverty?

A 
Income poverty
Food Poverty
Education Poverty
Security Poverty
Multiple Deprivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the World Summit on Social Development’s definition of Absolute Poverty?

A

a condition characterised by sever deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services
- a lack of the things you fundamentally need to live a healthy life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some examples of absolute measures of poverty?

A

Income based - disposable income
Food-share method
Food-energy method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the Income based measure of Absolute Poverty include?

A

Looks soley at income (usually disposable)
WorldBack poverty lines:
Less than US$1.25 day (2005) = extreme poverty
Less than US$2.00 day (2005)= moderate poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the Food-share method measure of Absolute Poverty include?

A

Based on cost of basic food and non-food needs
e.g. US poverty line:
Income less than 3 times the cost of the US department of Agriculture’s “economy food plan” (1962) adjusted annually for inflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the Food-energy method measure of Absolute Poverty include?

A

Consumption less than level that meets the food energy requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Absolute Poverty in relation to Health?

A

Absolute poverty is an extreme lack of material and/of structural resources, so fundamentally limits the ability to live a health life
Culture/behaviour, social selection (discrimination-eg homeless out further to unsafe places) and history are also important in understanding the causes and effects of absolute poverty on health, and health of poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 elements are important to consider when understanding the causes and effects of absolute poverty on health, and health on poverty?

A

Culture/behaviour
Social Selection
History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Relative Poverty?

A

Big difference in income, wealth, living standards and deprivation between different groups in society actually cause significant health problems - lower end and population as a whole
“Relative difference in resources”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Townsend’s definition of Relative Poverty?

A

Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in (relative) poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encourages, or approved, in the societies to which they belong. They are, in effect, excluded from ordrinary living, patterns, customs and activities -cant participate in normal activities of society in which they live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 examples of measures of Relative poverty?

A

Income based
Deprivation measures
Living standard measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the income based measure of Relative Poverty include?

A

Looks at income relative to the population

OECD criteria- Medium household income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of the income based measure of Relative Poverty?

A

OECD criteria

Medium household income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the Deprivation Measure of Relative Poverty include?

A

Looks at things that people don’t have relative to the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of a Deprivation Measure of Relative Poverty?

A

NZ Dep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the Living Standard Measures of Relative Poverty include?

A

Looks at the things that people have relative to the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of a Living Standard Measure of Relative Poverty?

A

ELSI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an example of the Food-Share method Measure of Absolute Poverty?

A

US poverty line
-income less than 3 times the cost of the US Department of Agricultures “economy food plan” adjusted annually for inflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Relative Poverty in relation to Health?

A

Economic inequality is especially bad for the health of poor people
Economic inequality is bad for the health of well-off people too
Economic inequality weakens communities and societies as a whole(US low life expectancy due to huge gap b/w rich and poor, pulls everyone down(opposite to japan))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which 4 ways could Relative poverty affect health?

A

Does have an impact
Economically unequal societies tend to have greater levels of absolute poverty
Economically unequal societies tend to provide fewer safety nets
Economically unequal societies tend to have weaker social cohesion - care less about the poor, don’t look after each other
Living in a society with large difference in living standards can cause stress and anxiety which can damage peoples health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the British Medical Journal’s definition on Economic inequality and health?

A

fundamentally changes society and bottom and middle haven’t benefited from these changes, only rich have.
What matters in determining mortality and health in a society is less the overall wealth of that society, and more how evenly wealth is distributed, The more equally wealth is distributed the better the health of that society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Evidence of Social Support and Social Capital suggest?

A

There is increasing evidence of the importance of social resources, such as social support and social capital, for maintaining a healthy population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is social support?

A

Social support is measured by the amount and frequency of contact with social network members and in terms of the perceived quality and stability of supportive relationships
-individual support networks (individual income)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the domains of social relations?

A 
3x circles (inside --> out)
Marriage --> children, close friends and relatives --> church and community groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Social Capital?

A

Social capital represents the degree of social cohesion which exists in communities. It refers to the processes between people which establish networks, norms and social trust, and facilitate co-ordination and co-operation for mutual benefit
WHO definition
-how much social support added together, that a community has as a whole (household income)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 methods of measuring social support and social capital?

A

Relational content
Social network composition
social integraition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the Relational content method of measuring social support and social capital include?

A

Satisfaction with quality of support, trust and reciprocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the Social Network Composition method of Measuring Social Support and Social Capital include?

A

social network density - have to ask everyone, time consuming and hard to analyse
homogeneity
gender etc
high density = all connected with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the Social Integration method of Measuring Social Support and Social Capital include?

A

whether the person has social relationships
how often they meet
marital status - easier and simplistic and from pop level census data
membership of church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are examples of Positive Social Support/Capital?

A

Mutual support
Cooperation
Trust
“street party”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are examples of Negative Social Support/Capital?

A

Sectarianism
Ethnocentrism
Corruption
“Klu Klux Klan” - support each other to do harm to one another

33
Q

What is Social Support and Social Capital in relation to Health?

A

Social Support/Capital can be a very powerful variable in times of crisis or stressful life events
Many studies have shown a strong relationship between the amount of social support/capital available and health outcomes

34
Q

What are some conclusion of Health in relation to Resources?

A

All different types of resources influence health
Relative levels of resources are very important - in the society we live in
Resources must play a significant role in any attempt to reduce SES-related inequalities

35
Q

What is the relationship between Health and Cultural/Behavioural Determinants?

A

suggests that lower SES groups behave in ways more likely to damage their health
Higher SES groups behave in ways that are less likely to damage their health
e.g. smoking, drinking, bad diet, sedentary

36
Q

What is the evidence regarding health and Cultural/Behavioural Determinants?

A

Evidence that lower SES groups are less likely to have healthy lifestyles
That does NOT mean that they are making bad ‘choices; about their behaviour -are influences a lot by other factors
Conclusion: Can explain some of the health inequalities, but it only makes sense in relation to the other explanations

37
Q

What are some examples of lower SES groups NOT making bad ‘choices’ about their behaviour?

A

They also face constraints and pressures imposed by the resources they have available -e.g. less material structural resources = stress,depression= culture of smoking, inactivity, bad diet etc
They may face constraints imposed by social factors acting within SES group/level - e.g. history of not succeeding in life (e.g. uni) and seeing very few others success = Learned Helplessness, stress, depression, = culture of not trying or ‘caring’ (impression)
The culture/behaviour of different SES groups is also the result of historical events - e.g. migration/colonisation = loss of material/structural resources = low SES= culture of smoking, inactivity, bad diet etc

38
Q

What is the traditional explanation of the relationship between health and social class (SES)?

A

Traditionally this explanation has suggested that health is a CAUSE of social class (SES) rather than a consequence -discirmination (based on health status)

39
Q

What is the Natural Selection Perspective?

A

Healthier individuals are ‘selected’ into higher classes based on their genetic superiorty

40
Q

What is the Social Selection Perspective?

A

Healthier individuals selected into higher classes based on their ability to thrive in society - no genetic advantage but society is structures so that health people are advantaged
- DISCRIMINATION based on health status

41
Q

What are the two classes of effect of social selection?

A

Intra generational

Inter generational

42
Q

What is the Intragenerational effect of Social Selection?

A

Individual moving up or down in SES during their life

e.g. developing chronic illness then unable to keep working -High socioeconomic group –> Low socioeconomic group

43
Q

What is the Intergenerational effect of Social Selection?

A 
individual moving up or down in SES relative to their class of origin
e.g. born with impairment so unable to thrive as much as their parents/siblings
44
Q

What are the two classes of selection?

A

Direct

indirect

45
Q

What is Direct selection?

A

Selection based on actual health status

e. g. not hiring somebody with a hearing impariemtn
- think it is too hard

46
Q

What is Indirect selection?

A

Selection based on potential health “marker”

e.g. not hiring smokers because they may have/develop health problems -potential to have days of work

47
Q

Which method of selection does evidence support?

A

Evidence for social selection but not natural selection
Some evidence for inter-generational selection
Some evidence of intragenerational selection
Some evidence for direct health based selection
Some evidence for indirect health based selection
Conclusion: Can explain small but significant amount of SES-related health inequalities in a non-casual way (flow on effect)
Non-health-based discrimination can also be a major cause of health inequalities e.g. racism, ageism, SES-ism etc

48
Q

What is an example of some evidence for inter-generational selection?

A

children from higher SES parents who are born with health problems are less likely to be high SES as an adult

49
Q

What is an example of some evidence for intra-generational selection?

A

people who develop chronic health problems have higher rates of unemployment

50
Q

What is an example of some evidence for direct health-based selection?

A

disabled people are less likely to be employed than non-disbaled

51
Q

What is an example of some evidence for indirect health-based selection?

A

smokers are less likely to be employed than on-smokers

52
Q

What does Historical context in relation to Health suggest?

A

Suggests that groups who have experience significant and/or traumatic events are often those in lower SES groups OR are more likely to end up in lower SES groups as a result of the event
All interconnected

53
Q

What is the explanation of the impact of Historical Context on health?

A

(loss of land by maori)
The obvious explanation sit he loss of material and structural resources that might result from the event(s) so this explanation would indirectly explain SES differences through the material/structural explanation
Changes in culture/behaviour can also occur as a result of the event(s), so another indirect cuase

54
Q

What can historical events lead to?

A

discrimination
AND the event can have a direct impact on the ‘health’ of the group
e.g. unresolved anger, loss of status, loss of a feeling of belonging, survivor guilt etc
(loss of land by maori)

55
Q

What is the Life course Perspective?

A

Sees ALL of the explanations as being valid
Suggests that these ‘forces’ are mutually reinforcing and linked together in a chain of events and experiences that can impact on health
Different factors may be more or less influential at different stages in the life course- model can only be used at certain parts of peoples lives, dependant last what time in peoples the proportion of impact by a factor

56
Q

What are the 13 critical period of the Life Course?

A 
Fetal development
Birth
Nutrition, growth and health in adulthood
Educational Career
Leaving parental home
Entering labour market
Establishing social and sexual relationships
Job loss or insecurity
Parenthood
Episodes of illness
Labour market exit
Chronic sickness
Loss of full independence
57
Q

What are some conclusions about SES inequalities?

A

SES-related health inequalities are HUGE
Methods to measure SES are diverse and problematic
Explanations for the patterns observed are complex
-there are no simple or single answers
-the MATERIAL/STRUCTURAL explanation is DOMINANT
BUT linked to other explanations
We must continue to refine and improve methods of measurement and bring more clarity to these explanations - as they are still getting worse- can’t convince govt about need for change

58
Q

Why is the Black report hard to find?

A

Government tried to bury it
wasn’t politically what they wanter to hear
large portions of suffering population due to lack of material and structural resources. wanted to embark on a process of radical global economic change on the way we do business

59
Q

What is absolute poverty like globallly?

A

12 % live below the line of absolute poverty worldwide

big issue

60
Q

What happened in 1980 that caused a big change in the proportion of people living in relative poverty?

A

Welfare system changes
benefits dropped substantially
US, UK, everyone (globally) dropped safety barriers
Remove trade barriers - opened up markets for businesses but took away protection of local businesses- more unemployed
Unions removed - no longer a requirement of employment to be a union member -took away workers protections, and removed allowances
Most of NZ’s incomes went down (9yrs, drop by 10%) only top 10% didn’t drop incomes = dif between rich and poor greater

61
Q

What is the Gini coefficient?

A

A measure of income inequality in a country
increases in 1980s
flattening off now

62
Q

Is NZ dep a measurement of relative or absolute poverty?

A

relative poverty

63
Q

Are living standards a measurement of relative or absolute poverty?

A

relative poverty

64
Q

IS relative poverty evenly distributed?

A

no, Maori have a greater level of relative poverty

65
Q

What is the distribution of wealth and income?

A

Concentrated around the top of society

66
Q

What is the income inequality like in Japan?

A

very small

higher life expectancy

67
Q

What is the correlation between obesity and income?

A

A very high correlation

68
Q

What is a good way of measuring social support/capital?

A

easier: ask marital status/church, better idea of social support, get from population level data (e.g. census)
difficult: social network density, have to ask every individual community member who they’re connected with, time consuming, not overly easy to analyse data

69
Q

What are some negatives of measuring social capital simply?

A

not really measuring overall social support/capital

can look at bigger populations butt can’t do fancy things with it

70
Q

What are some negatives of measuring social capital difficultly?

A

limited with generalisation as it can be applied

71
Q

What can be both positive and negative?

A

Social network/capital

72
Q

What is the social network divert vs incidence of common cold relationship?

A

Low network density = high incidence of common cold

73
Q

What is the relative risk of traumatic death &suicide?

A

High relative risk if not married, no close relative, not belonging to church

74
Q

What is the Social networks vs CVD incidence in men relationship?

A

Fully integrated = love relative risk

Socially isolated = high relative risk

75
Q

What is Learned Helplessness?

A

comes form Not succeeding in life and seeing very few others succeed = results in immobilisation (spelling example)-surrounded by impossible tasks
Takes a long time to re-establish the trying behaviour

76
Q

What is the distribution of unhealthy resources vs SES?

A

High number for Low SES

gaming machines, takeaway and liquor outlets

77
Q

Why important is social selection?

A

NON-health-based discrimination can also be a major cause of health inequalities e.g. racism, ageism, SES-ism etc

78
Q

What are the conclusion about SES measures?

A

MATERIAL/STRUCTURAL explanation is DOMINANT

-BUT is still linked to other explanations

Population Health 102 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions