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Population Health 102 > Lecture 19 and 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 and 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Ethnicity is PART of a person’s culture
culture= shared values, beliefs and attitudes that shape and influence our perception and behaviour
Ethnicity does not necessarily =/= race
Race = “the division of mankind that you belong to as a result of your genetically inherited characteristics” - mainly based on skin colour, face shape and hair colour. - reflects geographical origin(s)
Ethnicity = the population group that you belong to as a result of your shared ancestry, social customs, traditions, languages and other factors that forge your identity

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2
Q

What is the definition of culture?

A

shared values, beliefs and attitudes that shape and influence our perception and behaviour
-ethnicity is part/a component of culture

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3
Q

What is the definition of race?

A

The divisions of mankind that you belong to as a result of your genetically inherited characteristics

  • mainly based on skin colour, face shape and hair colour
  • reflects geographical origin(s)
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4
Q

What is the definition of ethnicity?

A

the population group that you belong to as a result of your shared ancestry, social customs, traditions, languages and other factors that forge your identity

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5
Q

How is ethnicity and race constructed?

A

both are socially constructed concepts
Divisions of race have very little basis in genetics and have been constructed by society
Race in not something that we can objectively measure, any more than ethnicity

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6
Q

Between race and ethnicity, which can we more objectively measure?

A

Neither

Race is not something that we can objectively measure, any more than ethnicity

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7
Q

What is ethnicity according to NZ stats?

A

Ethnicity is the ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to
measure of cultural affiliation, (as opposed to race, ancestry, nationality or citizenship)
self perceived (can belong to more than one ethnic groups)
ethnic group =people who have some or all of the following characteristics:
-a common proper name
-one or more elements of common culture which need not be specified, but may include religion, customs or language
-unique community of interests, feelings and ancestry, and
a common geographic origin

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8
Q

What is an ethnic group made up of?

A

An ethnic group is made up of people who have some or all of the following characteristics:
-a common proper name
-one or more elements of common culture which need not be specified, but may include religion, customs or language
-unique community of interests, feelings and ancestry, and
a common geographic origin

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9
Q

What are the 3x ways of classifying ethnicity?

A
  1. biological criteria
  2. cultural identification criteria
  3. single and multi ethnic peoples
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10
Q

What is the biological criteria to classifying ethnicity?

A

Focuses on % of blood being from particular ‘racial’ group

Still used for some things in NZ, but its ancestor and NOT ethnicity

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11
Q

What is the cultural identification criteria to classifying ethnicity?

A

focuses on cultural identity and ethnic group attachment
A person belongs to the ONE ethnic group that they most identify with and are attached to
Easier as it does not require proof and is based on simple self-reported measures BUT it is difficult to measure ad does not deal wth the issue of people who identify with multiple ethnicities

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12
Q

What is the Single and Multi-ethnic Peoples manner of classifying ethnicity?

A

Focuses on cultural identity and ethnic group attachment
A person belongs to ALL ethnic groups that the identify with and are attached to
Easier as it does not require proof and is based on simple, self-reported measures, and also allows for multi-ethnic group attachment.

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13
Q

What are the 3x important considerations in regards to ethnicity?

A
  1. Ethnicity is not a static concept
  2. Ethnic group is a self-defined category
  3. Cannot measure ethnicity using objective categories in the same way as occupation, marital status etc
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14
Q

What are the biological and genetic explanation for ethnic inequalities?

A
  1. There are NO differences in health between ethnic groups that can be explained entirely by genetic differences
  2. There are some health issues where genetics explain part, and often a very small part, of the differences
    - e.g. sickle cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, CVD, some types of cancer, diabetes?, obesity?
  3. There are many health issues where genes appear to play no part at all in the difference between ethnic groups
    e. g. some types of cancer, come mental health issues, injuries, respiratory conditions, etc
  4. Conclusion: Genes are not particularly helpful in understanding ethnic inequalities
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15
Q

What is the conclusion regarding the biological and genetic explanation for ethnic inequalities?

A

Genes are not particularly helpful in understanding ethnic inequalities

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16
Q

What are the material and structural resources explanation for ethnic inequalities?

A

The ethnic groups who tend to have the most health problems tend to have access o fewer material and structural resources
Health systems and other structural resources may also be set up in ways that are more accessible and acceptable to certain ethnic groups
Differences in ‘social capital’ can also explain some of the ethnic differences in health
Many of these resource differences relate to historical events and/or discrimination

17
Q

What are the cultural and behavioural explanation for ethnic inequalities?

A

Different ethnicities have different cultural/behavioural norms, some of which may be healthy or unhealthy
But these cultures/behaviours are entwined in the material/structural and historical context of each ethnic groups
-e.g. eating unhealthy foods might be a tradition in a particular group but that may have come from material/structural limitations, be the result of social selection, and/or have a strong historical context.
Can be both positive and negative

18
Q

What is the social selection explanation for ethnic inequalities?

A

different ethnic groups experience different levels of social selection
-sometimes due to inequalities in health
BUT also due to direct and indirect discrimination unrelate to health status (racism)

19
Q

What is the historical context explanation for ethnic inequalities?

A

Historical events can impact on the other causes (esp. material/structural resources) but can cals impact directly on health through psychosocial effects

e. g. migration and colonisation - health problems tend to occur in two groups
- Migrant -especially those who mot to countries that have cultures/languages that are different to their own
- Indigenous peoples- especially those whose lands have been colonized and confiscated

20
Q

What are the two groups which health problems tend to occur in a historical context?

A
  1. Migrants:
    -especially those who mot to countries that have cultures/languages that are different to their own
  2. Indigenous peoples-
    especially those whose lands have been colonized and confiscated
21
Q

What is the artefact explanation for ethnic inequalities?

A

Suggest that the relationship between ethnicity and health is just an artefact of they way we measure ethnicity and health
BUT, no matter where and how we have measured ethnicity and health, there are still differences between some ethnic groups for some health issues

22
Q

What is the reslationship between SES and ethnicity?

A

There is consistent evidence that a large proportion (~30-50%) of the differences in health between ethnic groups is due to the relationship between SES and health
-mostly to do with material and structural resources
There is also consistent evidence that a large proportion (~50-70%) of the difference is NOT just the SES effect

23
Q

What are the conclusions about ethnic inequalities?

A
  1. There are HUGE ethnic inequalities in health
    -especially for the illnesses that are increasing in developed countries like NZ
  2. The ways in which ethnicity impacts on health are complex, involving,
    Material/structural resources, Culture/behaviour, social selection, Historical context, Probably a very small amount of genetics
  3. SES is an important component, but not the majority
  4. Material/Structural resources, cultural/behaviour, social selection, and even the impact o historical events are changeable

Population Health 102 (14 decks)

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