Lecture 7-after midterm

Question 1

What is a major goal for CNS damage?

Answer 1

To figure out what induces repair in the PNS and how we can induce similar mechanisms in the CNS-particular attention focused on spinal cord injury rehab-you can bypass spinal cord injury in the brain.

Question 2

How do neurons repair in the periphery?

Answer 2

After the axon is cut and dies, Schwann cells shrink and divide, form glial cells along axons former path, neuron sends out axon sprouts, one of which finds the Schwanna cells new path and becomes a new axon. Schwann cells form myelin.

Question 3

What are neurons?

Answer 3

Simply a specialized type of cell-which produces proteins! Organelles aid in protein production

Question 4

What does it mean that a cell membrane is semi-permeable?

Answer 4

Only select substances can pass through the membrane

Question 5

What is the semi-permeable membrane comprised of?

Answer 5

Phospholipids- Phosphate head (has polar regions), which is hydrophilic, lipid tail which is hydrophobic.

Question 6

What is the nucleus?

Answer 6

Contains blueprint for protein production (genes).

Question 7

What are genes?

Answer 7

Segment of DNA that encodes the synthesis of particular proteins-contained within chromosomes

Question 8

What are chromosomes?

Answer 8

Double helix structure that holds an organism’s entire DNA sequence. Have the four nucleic acids (Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).

Question 9

What happens when a chromosome changes shape?

Answer 9

It exposes segments of DNA and allows proteins to be made (transcription and translation)

Question 10

What is transcription?

Answer 10

DNA strands unwind to expose a gene and a complementary mRNA is created.

Question 11

What is translation?

Answer 11

When the mRNA travels to the endoplasmic reticulum (structure just outside nucleus that contains ribosomes). mRNA is then translated by the ribosome into a particular set of amino acids (codon).

Question 12

What are ribosomes?

Answer 12

Protein structures that act as catalysts for protein synthesis.

Question 13

What is a codon?

Answer 13

Sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that code for a particular amino acid.

Question 14

How does information flow in the genetic code?

Answer 14

DNA—-(transcription)—-mRNA—-(translation)—-amino acid chain—-protein

Question 15

What is the primary structure in proteins?

Answer 15

The length of the amino acid chains

Question 16

What is the secondary structure in proteins?

Answer 16

Polypeptide chains tend to twist and pleat

Question 17

What is the tertiary structure in proteins?

Answer 17

Structures that are folded

Question 18

What is the quaternary structure in proteins?

Answer 18

Combining with other proteins to form more

Question 19

What are golgi bodies?

Answer 19

They package proteins in membranes (vesicles) and give them a “label,” indicating where they should go.

Question 20

What are the microtubules?

Answer 20

Responsible for (vesicle) protein transport within or outside of the cell.

Question 21

What are transmembrane proteins?

Answer 21

Allow ions to pass through an appropriately shaped channel- can be gated (allows/prevents passage depending on if opened or closed) or a pump (changes shape to carry substances across). BRAIN USES THE MOST ENERGY IN THIS-if it stops, you can have a stroke or other horrible things happen to you.