Lecture 16

Question 1

What causes FASD?

Answer 1

Dis-regulation of GABA as a result of alcoholism during pregnancy (GABA is key in brain development).

Question 2

What is FASD?

Answer 2

Range of physical and intellectual impairments observed in some children born to alcoholic parents
Symptoms include:
1) Growth Deficiency
2) FAS facial features
3) CNS damage
4) Prenatal alcohol exposure

Question 3

What is an example of glutaminergic drugs and what do they do?

Answer 3

PCP and ketamine. Dissociative anaesthetics, detachment from environment, distortion of perception.

Question 4

What are the agonistic dopaminergic drugs?

Answer 4

Cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine

Question 5

What are some references to cocaine in popular culture?

Answer 5

Freud did lots of it (related to how prolific a writer he was), used to be used for pain in kids and in coca-cola, Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde was about someone who was addicted to a stimulus

Question 6

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Answer 6

Dopamine plays a role in the disease, specifically an excess of dopamine activity. Use antipsychotics to BLOCK (antagonists) dopamine receptors.

Question 7

What are the 1st and 2nd class antipsychotics?

Answer 7

1st gen- Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, Thorazine)
Butyrophenones (haloperidol, Haldol)
Block the D2 receptors
2nd gen- Clozapine. Also blocks the 5HT2 receptor.

Question 8

What are examples of serotonergic drugs and what do they do?

Answer 8

Agonists: Mescaline, DMT, psilocybin (Naturally occurring). LSD and MDMA. Used to treat anxiety and depression.

Question 9

What are the 3 types of antidepressant medications (serotonergic drugs)?

Answer 9

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Tricyclic , second-generation. Either prevent the breakdown of serotonin or the reuptake

Question 10

What is the neurogenic hypothesis of depression?

Answer 10

That depression has something to do with the hippocampus (Give a rat an SSRI, increase in neurons in hippocampus after 6 weeks)

Question 11

What are the opioidergic drugs and where do they come from?

Answer 11

Codeine, morphine, heroin. The opium Poppy is where it comes from. Work well to control acute pain.

Question 12

Which country has the highest opioid use per capita in the world?

Answer 12

Canada

Question 13

What are the five classes of opioidergic drugs?

Answer 13

Endorphins, endomorphines (morphine mimics this), enkephalins, dynorphins, nociceptin.

Question 14

What are the 4 receptors that opioids can bind to in the brain, spinal cord, and digestive system?

Answer 14

Mu, Kappa, Delta, Nociceptin.

Question 15

What receptor does morphine bind to?

Answer 15

Mu

Question 16

What is oxycodone, where does it bind, and what are some of it’s nicknames?

Answer 16

Synthetic opioid, similar to morphine. Kappa agonist, known as poor mans heroin, oxycotton, hillbilly heroin.

Question 17

What is one of the issues with pain management at the physician level?

Answer 17

They are relatively untrained in pain management-so they started administrating oxycodone because pharmacists said people could take as much as needed until you’re not in pain-it was really addictive and people could overdose.

Question 18

How many overdoses happened from fentanyl last year?

Answer 18

582

Question 19

What is fentanyl, where does it bind, and why is it a big problem?

Answer 19

Mu opioid receptor agonist. Highly lipid soluble, incredibly potent (80-500 times more than morphine, 40-50 times more than heroin, 2.5 times more that oxy)

Question 20

What are some of the symptoms associated with overdose?

Answer 20

Slowed breathing, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, blue lips and nails.

Question 21

What are competitive inhibitors?

Answer 21

Drugs like naloxone that block the action of opioids by competing with them for binding sites.

Question 22

What are the 2 receptors and the 2 molecules associated with Cannabinergic drugs?

Answer 22

Receptors: 1) CB1-neurons. 2) CB2-glial cells and other body tissues
Molecules: 1) Anandamide 2) 2-AG.

Question 23

Why can’t you overdose on Cannabinergic drugs?

Answer 23

Because the brain stem does not have CB1 receptors.

Question 24

How are Cannabinergic drugs used as a therapeutic agent?

Answer 24

Nausea, emesis relief in cancer patients, stimulates appetite in AIDS patients, chronic pain, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis.

Question 25

What is Salvinorin A?

Answer 25

K-opioid receptor agonist, D2 receptor agonist. Dissociative hallucinogen- alteration of sensation and perception, detachment from the self and the environment.

Question 26

What are the 2 theories for why the people do the things they do while drinking?

Answer 26

Disinhibition theory and behavioural myopia

Question 27

What is disinhibition theory?

Answer 27

Alcohol has a selective depressant effect on the frontal cortex (judgement), while sparing subcortical structures (desire).

Question 28

What is behavioural myopia?

Answer 28

Nearsighted behaviour displayed under the influence of alcohol. Local and immediate cues become more prominent, remote cues and consequences are ignored. (Drunk driving, risky behaviours, aggression etc).

Question 29

What is substance abuse?

Answer 29

Pattern of use in which people rely on a drug chronically and excessively.

Question 30

What is addiction?

Answer 30

A complex brain disorder characterized by escalation, compulsive drug taking, and relapse.

Question 31

What are withdrawal symptoms?

Answer 31

Physical and psychological behaviour displayed by a user when drug use ends.

Question 32

What is one of the things that can increase drug initiation and addiction?

Answer 32

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE’s)-emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, emotional and physical neglect, mental illness of household member, divorce/separation, incarceration of a family member.

Question 33

What is psychomotor activation?

Answer 33

Increased behavioural and cognitive activity at certain levels of drug consumption.

Question 34

Where do drugs of abuse typically increase behaviour?

Answer 34

In the dopaminergic center of the mesolimbic system.