Lecture 16 Flashcards
What causes FASD?
Dis-regulation of GABA as a result of alcoholism during pregnancy (GABA is key in brain development).
What is FASD?
Range of physical and intellectual impairments observed in some children born to alcoholic parents Symptoms include: 1) Growth Deficiency 2) FAS facial features 3) CNS damage 4) Prenatal alcohol exposure
What is an example of glutaminergic drugs and what do they do?
PCP and ketamine. Dissociative anaesthetics, detachment from environment, distortion of perception.
What are the agonistic dopaminergic drugs?
Cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine
What are some references to cocaine in popular culture?
Freud did lots of it (related to how prolific a writer he was), used to be used for pain in kids and in coca-cola, Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde was about someone who was addicted to a stimulus
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Dopamine plays a role in the disease, specifically an excess of dopamine activity. Use antipsychotics to BLOCK (antagonists) dopamine receptors.
What are the 1st and 2nd class antipsychotics?
1st gen- Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, Thorazine)
Butyrophenones (haloperidol, Haldol)
Block the D2 receptors
2nd gen- Clozapine. Also blocks the 5HT2 receptor.
What are examples of serotonergic drugs and what do they do?
Agonists: Mescaline, DMT, psilocybin (Naturally occurring). LSD and MDMA. Used to treat anxiety and depression.
What are the 3 types of antidepressant medications (serotonergic drugs)?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Tricyclic , second-generation. Either prevent the breakdown of serotonin or the reuptake
What is the neurogenic hypothesis of depression?
That depression has something to do with the hippocampus (Give a rat an SSRI, increase in neurons in hippocampus after 6 weeks)
What are the opioidergic drugs and where do they come from?
Codeine, morphine, heroin. The opium Poppy is where it comes from. Work well to control acute pain.
Which country has the highest opioid use per capita in the world?
Canada
What are the five classes of opioidergic drugs?
Endorphins, endomorphines (morphine mimics this), enkephalins, dynorphins, nociceptin.
What are the 4 receptors that opioids can bind to in the brain, spinal cord, and digestive system?
Mu, Kappa, Delta, Nociceptin.
What receptor does morphine bind to?
Mu
What is oxycodone, where does it bind, and what are some of it’s nicknames?
Synthetic opioid, similar to morphine. Kappa agonist, known as poor mans heroin, oxycotton, hillbilly heroin.
What is one of the issues with pain management at the physician level?
They are relatively untrained in pain management-so they started administrating oxycodone because pharmacists said people could take as much as needed until you’re not in pain-it was really addictive and people could overdose.
How many overdoses happened from fentanyl last year?
582
What is fentanyl, where does it bind, and why is it a big problem?
Mu opioid receptor agonist. Highly lipid soluble, incredibly potent (80-500 times more than morphine, 40-50 times more than heroin, 2.5 times more that oxy)
What are some of the symptoms associated with overdose?
Slowed breathing, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, blue lips and nails.
What are competitive inhibitors?
Drugs like naloxone that block the action of opioids by competing with them for binding sites.
What are the 2 receptors and the 2 molecules associated with Cannabinergic drugs?
Receptors: 1) CB1-neurons. 2) CB2-glial cells and other body tissues
Molecules: 1) Anandamide 2) 2-AG.
Why can’t you overdose on Cannabinergic drugs?
Because the brain stem does not have CB1 receptors.
How are Cannabinergic drugs used as a therapeutic agent?
Nausea, emesis relief in cancer patients, stimulates appetite in AIDS patients, chronic pain, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis.
What is Salvinorin A?
K-opioid receptor agonist, D2 receptor agonist. Dissociative hallucinogen- alteration of sensation and perception, detachment from the self and the environment.
What are the 2 theories for why the people do the things they do while drinking?
Disinhibition theory and behavioural myopia
What is disinhibition theory?
Alcohol has a selective depressant effect on the frontal cortex (judgement), while sparing subcortical structures (desire).
What is behavioural myopia?
Nearsighted behaviour displayed under the influence of alcohol. Local and immediate cues become more prominent, remote cues and consequences are ignored. (Drunk driving, risky behaviours, aggression etc).
What is substance abuse?
Pattern of use in which people rely on a drug chronically and excessively.
What is addiction?
A complex brain disorder characterized by escalation, compulsive drug taking, and relapse.
What are withdrawal symptoms?
Physical and psychological behaviour displayed by a user when drug use ends.
What is one of the things that can increase drug initiation and addiction?
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE’s)-emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, emotional and physical neglect, mental illness of household member, divorce/separation, incarceration of a family member.
What is psychomotor activation?
Increased behavioural and cognitive activity at certain levels of drug consumption.
Where do drugs of abuse typically increase behaviour?
In the dopaminergic center of the mesolimbic system.
