Lecture 7 & 8: Neuromotor Control of Speech

Question 1

name of the process of specifying spatial and temporal (sequencing) motor goals when formulating an action

Answer 1

motor planning

Question 2

premotor cortex (BA 6) : motor planning of the limbs influenced by external triggers :: ___ motor area : motor planning of the limbs influenced by intentions

Answer 2

supplementary

Question 3

name of the inability to execute skilled, learned motor acts NOT due to neurological or cerebellar damage; also referred to as an impairment of motor planning

Answer 3

apraxia

Question 4

motor planning : articulator specific motor goals :: motor ___ : muscle specific commands

Answer 4

programming

Question 5

according to ___, motor planning occurs first and is articulator specific as opposed to muscle specific

Answer 5

Van der Merwe

Question 6

regions responsible for motor ___ include: premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, Broca’s area, parietal association cortex, portions of insula, portions of basal ganglia

Answer 6

planning

Question 7

regions responsible for motor ___ include: basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor and supplementary motor cortex

Answer 7

programming

Question 8

the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts make up the ___ system and are responsible for the execution of ___ movements

Answer 8

pyramidal, voluntary

Question 9

name of the tract that originates in the cortex and descends toward lower motor neurons of the spinal cord; innervates muscles of the limbs

Answer 9

corticospinal

Question 10

name of the tract that originates in the cortex and descends toward lower motor neurons of the brainstem; innervates muscles of the head and neck including those involving speech and swallowing - except muscles of respiration

Answer 10

corticobulbar

Question 11

corticospinal : decussates at the pyramids of lower ___ :: corticobulbar : decussates at the level of the cranial nerve to be innervated

Answer 11

medulla

Question 12

choose: if the corticospinal pathway is damaged above the level of the crossing over in the lower medulla, you will see paresis / paralysis on the ( contralateral / ipsilateral ) side

Answer 12

contralateral

Question 13

choose: if the corticospinal pathway is damaged below the level of the crossing over in the lower medulla, you will see paresis / paralysis on the ( contralateral / ipsilateral ) side

Answer 13

ipsilateral, because the pathways have already crossed over

Question 14

___ levels of the pyramidal pathways used to describe levels of descending white matter pathways include: corona radiata, internal capsule, and crus cerebri

Answer 14

subcortical

Question 15

choose: lesions in the internal capsule have a ( greater / smaller ) chance of creating widespread impairments because fiber pathways are closely packed at this level

Answer 15

greater

Question 16

name of the system whose pathways communicate directly with lower motor neurons to directly transmit the final message (final common pathway) to the muscles

Answer 16

direct motor system

upper motor neurons : central nervous system :: lower motor neurons : spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Question 17

the motor unit consists of (1) the ___ motor neuron cell body in the spinal cord or brainstem (2) the ___ of nerve cell bodies becoming spinal nerves and cranial nerves (3) the point of ___ between the nerve and the muscle (4) individual ___ innervated by this nerve

Answer 17

(1) lower
(2) axon
(3) synapse
(4) muscle fibers

Question 18

paresis : partial paralysis :: paralysis : ___ paralysis

Answer 18

complete

Question 19

signs of ___ motor neuron damage include: hypertonia (spasticity), hyperreflexia, weakened and slowed speech, reduced range of motion in speech

Answer 19

upper

Question 20

signs of ___ motor neuron damage include: hypotonia, paralysis / paresis, atrophy, hyporeflexia

Answer 20

lower

Question 21

name of the system composed of two subsystems, including: the indirect activation pathway and control circuits (basal ganglia, cerebellum)

Answer 21

extrapyramidal system

Question 22

name of the two-stage pathway that begins in the cortex, synapses on select nuclei in the brainstem, and then synapse on the cranial nerve nuclei (i.e. the lower motor neurons)

Answer 22

indirect activation pathway

Question 23

the indirect activation pathways helps to regulate ___ and maintain posture and tone

Answer 23

reflexes

Question 24

damage to the indirect activation pathways results in hyperreflexia and ___ - which results in slowness and hyper adduction of the vocal folds and sometimes, spastic dysarthria or unilateral UMN dysarthria

Answer 24

spasticity

Question 25

name of the first stage pathway (of the indirect activation pathways) that begins in the motor, premotor, and sensory cortex and terminates in the reticular formation of the brainstem

Answer 25

corticoreticular

Question 26

name of the first stage pathway (of the indirect activation pathways) that begins in the cortex and terminates in the red nucleus of the midbrain

Answer 26

corticorublar

Question 27

choose: the ( first / second ) stage pathways (of the indirect activation pathways) run from the reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, and red nucleus to the cranial nerve nuclei

Answer 27

second

Question 28

true or false: the control circuits of the basal ganglia and cerebellum directly synapse on the lower motor neurons

Answer 28

false, the control circuits of the basal ganglia and cerebellum DO NOT directly synapse on the lower motor neurons

Question 29

name of the group of subcortical nuclei involved in motor and cognitive behaviors, whose main nuclei include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and globus pallidus

Answer 29

basal ganglia

Question 30

the function of the basal ganglia includes: motor and cognitive function, dampening cortical discharges and initiating ___

Answer 30

movement

Question 31

damage to the basal ganglia may result in reduced movement or excess ___ movement

Answer 31

involuntary

Question 32

Parkinson’s : reduced movement and trouble initiating movement :: ___ : excessive involuntary movements

Answer 32

Huntington’s

Question 33

name of the disease caused by degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra; results in ( increased / reduced ) drive / excitation of motor regions of the cortex

Answer 33

Parkinson’s, reduced

Question 34

name of the genetic disease caused by damage to the striatum and cerebral cortex; results in ( increased / reduced ) excitation of the motor regions of the cortex

Answer 34

Huntington’s, increased

Question 35

symptoms of ___ disease include: rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, and resting tremor

Answer 35

Parkinson’s

*note: increased tone (rigidity), difficulty initiating (a-), slow movement (brady-), fewer movement (hypo-)

Question 36

tremor, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and myonucleus are all types of ___

Answer 36

dyskinesias

Question 37

the term “dyskinesia” is associated with ___ damage; it is also used to describe ___ disorders

Answer 37

extrapyramidal, movement

Question 38

this lobular structure has significantly more afferent pathways than efferent pathways

Answer 38

cerebellum

Question 39

the main function of the cerebellum is coordination of different muscle groups and ___; it also plays a role in motor programming, maintenance of muscle tone, and motor learning

Answer 39

balance

Question 40

the cerebellum helps to coordinate motor activity using feedforward and sensory feedback systems, which compares the ___ copy and actual sensory feedback to make error corrections as necessary

Answer 40

efference

Question 41

name of the term referring to the lack of coordination of ___ motor acts - affects rate, range, timing, direction, and force of movement

Answer 41

ataxia, voluntary

Question 42

name of the term referring to the inability to gauge the distance, speed, and power of movement

Answer 42

dysmetria

Question 43

undershooting : hypometria :: overshooting : ___

Answer 43

hypermetria

Question 44

true or false: hypertonia is a symptom of cerebellar damage

Answer 44

false, hypotonia is a symptom of cerebellar damage