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b1 > Lecture 7, 8/9 > Flashcards

Lecture 7, 8/9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are animal bodies distinguished by

A
  • a tube within a tube
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2
Q

What does a tube within a tube mean?

A

-inner tube = gut
-food enters in entrance and ingested food passes to the exit
- gut lies inside larger cylinder which houses all the other stuff

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3
Q

about how many phyla in animal kingdom and what does it mean?

A

30
- own body plan that somehow varies the basic plan
- lifeforms sharing more of the pathway to LUCA = closer related and share more features

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4
Q

What is the Cambrian explosion?

A

all the living animal phyla appear in the fossil record in a relatively short time span

  • explosion of many new forms
  • Cambrian = geological layer in which located
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5
Q

Which life cycles are less varied plants or animals?

A

animals

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6
Q

what kingdom is closest to animals?

A

Choanoflagellates
- fungi = not primitive plants

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7
Q

how many vertebrate lineages are there

A

7

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8
Q

how many lineages of fish are there?

A

6

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9
Q

What are the phyla most closely related to chordates?

A
  • hemichordate
  • xenoturbellida
  • echinodermata
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10
Q

within the chordates who are humans closes relatives?

A

Tunicates
- evolution of skeleton is different (spinal cord and large brain = humans unique)

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11
Q

What are the closest living twigs to hominids

A

2 chimpanzee species

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12
Q

Did humans evolve from chimps?

A

No, we just share with chimps an ancestor who lived about 7 mya

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13
Q

What does protostomes and deuterostomes mean?

A

protostomes = first mouth
deuterostomes = second mouth
means how does gut develop

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14
Q

What are two characteristics of lophotrochozoans

A
  • Lophophores function in suspension feeding in adults…
  • Trochophore larvae swim and may feed
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15
Q

All three lineages of chordates are defined by the presence of four features

A
  1. Pharyngeal slits or pouches
  2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  3. Notochord
  4. Muscular, post anal tail
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16
Q

Who is the father of genetics

A

Gregor mendel

17
Q

What is selective breeding

A
  • offspring resembled parents
  • improve animal and plant varieties 19th century
18
Q

What was Mendel trying to do

A

improve taste, flavour, yield of peas

19
Q

what are genes and what do they do

A
  • molecules
  • code for mRNA molecules (transcription), which make proteins (translation), do work of building and running cell
  • central dogma
20
Q

Where are genes located

A

on the chromosomes

21
Q

What is the cell cycle

A
  • interval between cell divisions
  • mostly growth and replication)
22
Q

what is mitosis

A
  • replication division
  • 2 cells identical to parent
23
Q

what is meiosis

A
  • reduction division
  • diploid -> haploid
24
Q

What is a locus

A

a particular place on a chromosome that any given gene is located in

25
Q

What are alleles

A

varieties of each gene

26
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A

a single chromosome pair one from dad and one from mom

27
Q

What is a tetrad

A

each homologue replicated to be 2 sister chromatids

28
Q

What are Mendel’s laws and what does it mean

A
  1. segregation
  2. Independent Assortment
  • any of the possible combos of chromosomes from dad and mom is possible in any of the gametes
29
Q

What is phenotype

A

outward appearance

30
Q

what is genotype

A

actual genetic makeup

31
Q

what is epigenetic

A

heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in DNA sequence

32
Q

Is the expression of a trait always binomial?

A

no, some vary continuously depending on just which combo of alleles an individual has inherited

33
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

any distribution of allele frequencies will quickly arrive at an equilibrium distribution

34
Q

What are allele frequencies

A

frequency (the proportion of the total present) of each allele type in the population/gene pool

35
Q

What is the importance of HWE

A

show that with a set of assumptions the allele frequency distribution quickly settles down to an equilibrium and shows no change over successive generations

36
Q

What are the assumptions of HWE/ what are the only ways in which allele frequencies change?

A

Gene flow = individuals move in or out of the population, carrying genes with them

Genetic drift = the population is small enough that chance events can alter allele frequencies

Non random mating = some mating combinations are somehow more likely than others

Mutations = the spontaneous alteration of some alleles into others, the background rate is low enough that this is rarely a concern

Natural selection = allele frequencies will change if some alleles contribute to better survival or more reproduction of the individuals that carry them than others…

b1 (6 decks)

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