Lecture 4, 5, 6 Flashcards
How were all life forms having basic metabolism?
First lifeforms evolved basic metabolism and gave it to all their descendants
What are metabolic pathways run by?
molecular machines in ultra sophisticated high tech networks shaped by billions of years of evolution…
What is the purpose of molecular machinery?
- To get energy needed to run a cell
- basics identical in all cells of all life forms
Describe how cells get their energy
- pass high energy electrons to lower energetic states by ETC
- energy extracted and stored in ATP
- membrane = essential… energy freed as electrons passed down the ETC drive protons to one side of the membrane = differences which drive ATP synthase
- ATP synthase + ADP = ATP molecule
- energy for the metabolic jobs in a cell!
How do electrons get disposed of?
passing them on to a ‘final electron acceptor’ that is moved out of the cell (ex: oxygen, good oxidizing agent)
What are some of the main jobs of basic metabolism?
- take molecules apart
- obtain high energy electrons used to charge up ADP to ATP that power the cell
- make organic compounds
What is glycolysis? and its steps
sugar splitting
- glucose split into pyruvate
- net 2 ATP
- electron acceptor accepts or without, fermentation happens = lactate or ethanol
What is photosynthesis? and its steps
synthesizing glucose with light power
- draws carbon dioxide in
-pigment molecule captures photons and boosts electron from a donor to higher energy level
- passed down ETC to charge ADP to ATP
- the Calvin cycle
What order yields most ATP, how much?
Aerobic = 27 net
Anaerobic
Fermentation
What is the most common and important electron donor?
Water
Over planetary history, the net removal of carbon has been large enough because…
most of the planet’s carbon has been converted into soil, peat, muskeg, natural gas, oil, coal, or rock
What are peat, muskeg, coal, and many of Earth’s rocks made of?
Fossilized atmosphere from the Earth’s earlier self
What is the Industrial revolution and large scale burning of fossil fuels leading to?
Rate of carbon return to atmosphere exceeding the removal rate
What is chemiosmosis and why is it important in ETC?
Process of moving ions to the other side of the membrane
Drives ATP synthase motor from pressure difference
What is the most important electron acceptor?
Oxygen
Why have different pigments evolved?
different environments (ex: water) have different spectrums than in sunlight
What are the 6 general methods for obtaining energy and carbon-carbon bonds?
- photoautotrophs
- photoheterotrophs
- chemoorganoautotrophs
- chemoorganoheterotrops
- chemolithoautotrophs
- chemolithoheterotrophs
What are the 3 sources of energy for synthesis of ATP
- phototrophs - from sunlight
- chemoorganotrophs - from organic molecules
- chemolithotrophs - from inorganic molecules
What are the 2 sources of C-C bonds (for synthesis of complex organic molecules)?
- Autotrophs - self synthesized
- heterotrophs - from molecules produced by other organisms
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
Are fungi more closely related to animals than plants?
Yes
True or False, living things can be the ancestor of another?
False, but all of them share ancestors
True or false, the basics of biochem are identical in all lifeforms and must have been possessed by LUCA?
True
What is the serial endosymbiosis hypothesis?
Eukaryotic cells originated when two prokaryotic symbionts evolved a similarly intimate relationship, with one becoming specialized for living inside the other.
What is evidence for endosymbiosis theory?
- mitochondria and chloroplasts have own DNA and membranes the resemble alleged prokaryotic ancestors
- they reproduce independently of the cell in which they exist, resembles division of prokaryotic cells
- partnership = big advantage to created eukaryote
- mitochondria = cell larger because powerhouse..
- chloroplasts = specialized photosynthesis
What do bacteria and archaea have in common?
- DNA, RNA, proteins
- basic processes for making protein
- universal genetic code
- basic energy metabolism
What do bacteria and archaea differ?
- method of copying DNA
- structure of their cell membranes
- structure of their cell walls
What is homology?
- traits that lifeforms have inherited from a common ancestor
Why are protists a bad name?
disrespects ancestry, doesn’t have descendants that share a common ancestor, the ‘others’, eukaryotes other than animals, plants, fungi
What are metabolic pathways run by
molecular machines in ultra sophisticated networks shaped by billions of years of evolution
What is the most sophisticated mechanism in the universe?
biochemistry evolved by bacteria on early Earth
- ancestral, not primitive
How do cells gain energy
- ETC passes high energy electrons to lower energetic states, energy extracted stored in ATP, low energy electrons disposed
What is chemiosmosis and why is it important in ATP making
the movement of ions to the other side of a membrane to create a gradient, pressure drives ATP synthase
How are electrons disposed of
given to final electron acceptor and moved out of cell… (oxidizing agent)
What are the main jobs of basic metabolism?
- take molecules apart
- obtain high energy electrons used to charge ADP molecules
- make organic compounds
What are the two most basic metabolic pathways
- glycolysis - sugar splitting
- photosynthesis - synthesizing glucose
How does glycolysis work?
- glucose split to pyruvate
- net of two ATP
- without electron acceptor fermentation happens = lactate or ethanol
- more if electron acceptor
What is the best final electron acceptor
oxygen
What is the extra net from aerobic respiration
27 atps
what is the order than produces most atps
- aerobic
- anaerobic
- fermentation
What is photosynthesis like?
- takes CO2 and makes glucose
- high energy electrons generated by pigments capturing photons and boosts electron to higher energy levels
- Calvin cycle
what is the most common and important electron donor?
water
What has most of the planet’s carbon been converted to?
soil, peat, muskeg, natural gas, oil, coal, rock
All of peat, muskeg, coal, and earths rocks are…
fossilized atmosphere from the Earth’s earlier self
Large scale usage of fossil fuels means…
rate of carbon return to atmosphere exceeds removal rate = concentration begun to climb
what are the 3 domains
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
true or false, fungi are most closely related to animals than plants
true
true or false, the analogy of lifeforms being twigs mean that living branches can be an ancestor of another
false, none of the living branches can be the ancestor of another, but all of them share ancestors
true or false, the basics of biochemistry are identical in all life forms, and must have been possessed by LUCA
True
What is the serial endosymbiosis hypothesis
eukaryotic cells originated when two prokaryotic symbionts evolved intimate relationship with one of the symbionts becoming specialized for living inside the other
What is the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory with mitochondria and chloroplasts
- mitochondria and chloroplasts have own DNA and membranes that resemble alleged prokaryotic ancestors
- reproduce independently of the cell they exist, resembles prokaryotic
- bigger advantages to eukaryote that resulted
How are eukaryotic cells so big
mitochondria powerhouses could be distributed throughout the cell, supplying ATP close to where it was needed
What are the two courses of C-C bonds(for synthesis of complex organic compounds)
Autotrophs - self synthesizing
Heterotrophs - from molecules produced by other organisms
what are the 3 sources of energy (for synthesis of ATP)
- phototrophs - from sunlight
- chemoorganotrophs - from organic molecules
- chemolithotrophs - from inorganic molecules
what does paraphyletic mean
they contain some but not all of the descendants of the ancestral taxon
draw the life cycles for animals, plants, and fungi
good luck!
What is the difference between sex and reproduction
sex = two cells become one
reproduction = one cell becoming two
