lecture 7

Question 1

how do plants use mutualism

Answer 1

plants provide starch to pollinators, pollinators disperse the polen

Question 2

where is mutualism usually found

Answer 2

harsh environments

Question 3

what is close co-evolution

Answer 3

when one cannot exist without the other, both evolved together to specialize for one another

Question 4

what is symbioses

Answer 4

close, long term mutualism

Question 5

what is commensalism

Answer 5

one benefits and the other is not affected

aphids, suck plant sap, bacteria in aphids trade sap for AA

Question 6

what is community structure

Answer 6

type of species and their structure

Question 7

what is the clement-gleason dichotomy

Answer 7

clement, climax communities have equilibrial species that stays until they fall over, burning of a forest will have predictable outcome
gleason - species respond individually, not stable nor predictable

Question 8

what is pop dynamics

Answer 8

available conditions, resource, O2 levels, metapop structures, patch connectivity, competition, predation

Question 9

what is biological diversity

Answer 9

number of species, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity

Question 10

what is spatial variation

Answer 10

spatial heterogeneity, more microhabitats, more species type
too much: species that need large habitat will not survive
intermediate levels: more species to tolerate more variety of resources

Question 11

what is climate variation

Answer 11

more stable climate - more diverse
negative relationship between latitude and biodiversity
more specialization and longer growing seasons

Question 12

what do disturbances do

Answer 12

create gaps for opportunistic species to grow, then equilibrial species take over after
relates to predation, need enough for variety

Question 13

what is environmental age and time

Answer 13

more stability is more biodiversity
megathermal forests, tropical, there are no empty patches there compared to tundra
recent ice ages, everyone migrated to equator and is still trying to migrate back right now

Question 14

what does it mean that a tropical forest is a cradle and a museum

Answer 14

cradle, holds all the species that migrate down

museum, has a lot of old lineages

Question 15

biodiversity hotspotsq

Answer 15

tropics, where it is at most risk from climate change because it has the most lineages
more empty niches in the future

Question 16

what are keystone species

Answer 16

species creating a different in ecosystem disproportionate to their biomass

Question 17

what are dominant species

Answer 17

cause affect because of large biomass