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Medsci 203 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Low molecular weight proteins produced during inflammation to act as chemical attractants

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2
Q

What is tumour necrosis factor?

A

Cytokine which up regulates inflammation

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3
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Wasting

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4
Q

Why does tumour necrosis factor have limited uses against tumours?

A

Not effective against the most common tumour types ad induces unpleasant flu like symptoms

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5
Q

What are the 3 effects of TNF and interleukin1 at low concentrations?

A

Vasodilation
vasopermeability
expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells

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6
Q

What are the 4 effects of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin1 at high concentrations?

A

Fever, Coagulation cascade, fibrosis, cachexia

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7
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

To be rapidly proliferated and to be the initial non specific defence against invaders

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8
Q

What is sterile inflammation?

A

Injury without infection

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9
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Anti-parasitic but can cause allergies

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10
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Regulation of inflammation but can cause allergies

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11
Q

Give 5 examples of DAMPs

A 
ECM fragments
intracellular proteins,
DNA and RNA
ATP
Crystals
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12
Q

What DAMPs do toll-like receptors bind?

A

ECM fragments,
intracellular proteins,
DNA and RNA

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13
Q

What binds to RAGE receptors?

A

intracellular protiens

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14
Q

What binds to P2X7 purinergic

A

ATP

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15
Q

What receptor binds crystals?

A

Components of inflammasomes

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16
Q

What does signalling from TLRs and P2X7Rs do?

A

Activation of inflammasomes resulting in the release of IL-1alpha when cells undergo lysis causing endothelial cells to become adhesive for leukocytes

17
Q

What is margination

A

When endothelial cells become adhesive for neutrophils

18
Q

What is the role of P and E selectins?

A

To allow for leukocytes to loosely contact the vessel wall rolling along its surface

19
Q

What causes adhesion flattening of neutrophils?

A

Upregulation of Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular adhesion molecule 1 as well as leukocyte function associated antigen 1 on neutrophils

20
Q

What is transmigration?

A

Movement of leukocytes through the endothelial cells with use of enzymes to remove the basement membrane

21
Q

What are the chemotatic signals that release leukocytes?

A

Proteins from broken cells like N-Formylated peptides
Chemokines
Leukotriene B4, Complement Products C3a, C5a
Bacterial Products

22
Q

What are the three processes that phagocytes use to kill microbes?

A

Phagocytosis, degranulation and respiratory burst

23
Q

What is the process involved in producing a respiratory burst?

A

NADPH oxidase reduces oxygen to superoxide, this results in rapid entry of K+ counter ion, The super oxides is reduced to hydrogen peroxide by super oxide dismutase, which then reacts with Myeloperoxidase to form hypochlorous acid which kills the pathogen

24
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

25
Q

What is the difference between as an abscess and cellulitis?

A

An abscess is a localized inflammation while cellulitis is a spreading systemic infection

26
Q

What stimulates the acute phase response?

A

Interleukin6

27
Q

What is the acute phase response?

A

When the liver produces many plasma proteins to act as opsonins and coagulation factors

28
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

An increase in the number of circulating leukocytes

29
Q

What causes fever?

A

Pyrogens TNF, Interleukin1 and Prostaglandin E2

30
Q

Which region of the brain is affected by fever?

A

Hypothalamic thermoregulation

31
Q

What is the difference between sepis and Systemic inflammatory response syndrome?

A

Sepis is when there is systemic inflammation with infection, while systemic inflammatory response syndrome is when there is systemic inflammation from a sterile injury

32
Q

What can induce systemic inflammation?

A

Release of DAMPs, Cytokines, increase in the amount of pro-coagulants in relation anti-coagulants, activation of the complement system, generation of reactive oxygen species

33
Q

What are the 6 possible outcomes of inflammation

A

Widespread vasodilation and permeability casing a loss of blood volume
Formation of thrombi in small blood vessels
Depletion of clotting factors
Inadequate blood supply to organs
Multi-organ failure
Repair with resolution

34
Q

What occurs to neutrophils during inflammation?

A

Their lifespan is extended through cytokines, growth factors and activated endothelium

35
Q

What turns off the inflammatory reaction?

A

Eliminating the simulating microrganisms or dead cell remains
Negative feedback loops causing anti-inflammatory cytokines, lipid mediators, protease inhibitors

Medsci 203 (17 decks)

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