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Medsci 203 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

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2
Q

What is inflammatory exudate?

A

protein rich fluid leaked out of blood vessels in response to inflammation

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3
Q

What are the 8 effects of inflammation?

A

Delivery of nutrients and Oxygen to infection site
Generation of exudate to transport toxins allowing for an immune response
Generation of exudate to move antibodies and other substances into infection in order to neutralize pathogens
Mobilizes work force to remove dead cells damaged proteins etc
Mobilizes defense force to remove pathogens
Limits the spread of harmful agents
Provides digestive enzymes to remove the exudate when needed
initiates repair

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4
Q

What are the three ‘go’ signals for inflammation?

A

Neuronic release of bioactive peptides
Intracellular molecules are released from broken cells
Microbial products or toxins are recognised

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5
Q

What are DAMPs

A

Danger associated molecular patterns, molecules released when cells undergo lysis

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6
Q

What senses DAMPs?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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7
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns, which signal the presence of an infection

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8
Q

What senses PAMPs?

A

Pattern recognition receptors such as soluble complement proteins or cell bound toll-like receptors

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9
Q

What are the first two immune cells to respond to inflammation?

A

Basophils and macrophages

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10
Q

What is the purpose of basophils in inflammation?

A

To initiate an inflammatory response through mediator molecules

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11
Q

What are the mediator molecules released by maast cells?

A

Histamine, tryptases or proteases, lipid derived signals and cytokines

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12
Q

What is the purpose of vasodilatation in inflammation?

A

increased blood flow causes redness and heat

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13
Q

What is the cause of the increase in vascular permeability seen in inflammation?

A

The endothelial cells retract leaving gaps between them in response to inflammatory signals

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the increase in vascular permeability seen in inflammation?

A

To allow proteins to pass through the capillary resulting in the formation of exudate

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15
Q

What do more severe injuries result in with respect to vascular permeability?

A

The endothelial cells detach from the basement membrane resulting in persistent increases in vascular permeability

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16
Q

Why does inflammation lead to swelling?

A

The increased vascular permeability results in a blood pressure drop so less pressure forces the fluid into the vein resulting in a accumulation of fluid causing swelling and pain

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17
Q

What are the chemical mediators linked to swelling and pain in inflammation?

A

Prostoglandin E2 and Bradykinin

18
Q

What are the four effects of both Vasoactive amines and tryptases?

A

vasopermeability, adhesion for neutrophils, synthesis of lipid mediators leading to vasodilatation, bronchoconstriction

19
Q

What is the difference between Tryptases and Vasoactive amines?

A

While amines are stored in the granules of maast cells, tryptases cleaves protease activated receptors on maast cells, endothelial cells and neutrophils to cause the same physiological effects

20
Q

What induces the formation of lipid mediator derivatives?

A

Inflammatory signals use Ca2+ to activate phospholipase A2 which cleaves membrane phospholipids to from the mediators

21
Q

What is Platelet activating factor derived from?

A

Lysophosphatidylcholine, through the action of phospholipase A2

22
Q

What are the affects of Platelet activating factor?

A

The same affects as tryptase/vasoactive amines as well as platelet aggregation

23
Q

What does arachidonic acid do in the inflammation response?

A

Generation of acute phase proteins such as prostoglandins and leukotrienes

24
Q

How are prostoglandins formed?

A

Arachidonic acid reacts with Cyclooxygenases

25
Q

How are Leukotrienes formed?

A

Arachidonic acid reacts with 5-Lipoxygenase

26
Q

What is the function of TXA2?

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

27
Q

What is the function of PCI2?

A

Vasodilation and platelet dissociation

28
Q

What is the function of PGE2?

A

Vasodilation, pain, fever

29
Q

What is the function of LTB4?

A

Neutrophil chemotaxis and activation

30
Q

What are the functions of cysTC4,D4,E4?

A

Vasopermeability and bronchoconstriction

31
Q

What are the four cascades of inflammation?

A

Coagulation, fibrinolytic, kinin, complement

32
Q

What activates the coagulation cascade?

A

Tissue factor released from apoptotic endothelial cells and exposed basement membrane

33
Q

What activates the fibrinolytic cascade?

A

Hageman factor FXII

34
Q

What activates the complement cascade?

A

A series of convertases

35
Q

What is the affect of the coagulation cascade?

A

Activation of thrombin resulting in fibrinogen conversion to fibrin causing clots
Protein activated receptors induce vascular permeability and platelet activating factor release causing its affects

36
Q

What is the affect of the fibrinolytic cascade?

A

Generation of the protease plasmin degrades fibrin breaking down clots
Cleavage of Extracellular matrix and activation of matrix metalloproteases causing remodeling of the tissue
Activation of the kallikrein protein which activates the kinin system

37
Q

What is the affect of the kinin cascade?

A

Kallikrein release the bradykinin protein resulting in vascular dilatation, vascular permeability and pain inducing affects

38
Q

What are the cleavage products in the complement cascade system?

A

C3a, C3B, C5a and components of the membrane attack complex

39
Q

What is the function of C3a and C5a?

A

Promote maast cell degranulation, vascular permeablilty and neutrophil chemotaxis

40
Q

What is the function of C3B?

A

Oponisation

41
Q

What is the function of C5b?

A

Part of the membrane attack complex for bacterial cell lysis

Medsci 203 (17 decks)

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