Lecture 7

Question 1

why is patch shape important?

Answer 1

Essentially patch shape can influence species composition and structure

Question 2

define contrast:

Answer 2

is the degree of difference and or the abruptness of the transition between a patch and the adjacent landscape elements

Question 3

in 2 studies they found that deer mouse really liked edge habitat, but in another they found they liked interior, what does this tell you?

Answer 3

context really does matter!

Question 4

species that increase/decrease in abundance with patch size or are found in large/small patches are available are….

Answer 4

area-sensitive species

Question 5

what is the shannows diversity index?

Answer 5

Question 6

probability of barriers present within patch

Answer 6

circle is less probability and oval is more

Question 7

define patch edge:

Answer 7

is the band aound a patch that is environmentally different from the interior, giving rish to a different spcies compliement and abundance in the interior

Question 8

based on studies of the SLOSS debate what is the general conclusion?

Answer 8

habitat fragmentation may not matter to species diversity…. and this is stupid thing to argue about holy shit. Also many studies were just comparing oen species and not a community,

environmental dynamics and spatial dispersal must be considered.

several small may be optimal for long term species only if the species range increases with the number of patches.

Question 9

patch size tends to be positively correlated with ———-

Answer 9

species richness and diversity

Question 10

probability it is functionng as a corridor for species movement

Answer 10

circle is less and oval is more

Question 11

patch size can infuence other components of the ecosystem:

Answer 11

1. quality of remnant patches 2. nutrient cycling 3. interactions between predators and prey

Question 12

explain island biogeography theory:

Answer 12

species diversity increase with area due to haitat diversity, however distance from mainand is a negative thing with diversity. But we will see increase as the island ages.

Question 13

why choose a single large reserve?

Answer 13

preserves intact communities

Better able to maintain viable populations that occur at low population densities such as large vertebrates

Question 14

why is orientation important for dispersal of organisms and energy across the landscape?

Answer 14

if there is a direction for downslope there may by inhibition of erosion water and nutrient runoff and there also may be factors with prevailing winds.

effect immigration rate to the patch,

Question 15

why several small?

Answer 15

size such as “what is large” is species dependent and it spreads the risk of catastrophic disturbance

Question 16

define context:

Answer 16

the adjacent landscape elements in contact with a patch at a local scale.

Question 17

calculate shannons equitability for each area.

Answer 17

Question 18

what are the 4 differences in island patches and landscapes islands or patches?

Answer 18

1. islands tend to be more or less permanenet; landscape patches have high turnover rates
2. shrpness of edges on landscape patch is variable; edges may be more conducive to movement of spcies between the matrix and patches.
3. matrix usually has high heterogenity on landscapes. Potentially many and diverse colonizing species in the matrix.
4. Isolation is less in landscapes

Question 19

species diversity?

Answer 19

more in circle and less in oval

Question 20

calculate shannos diversity index?

Answer 20

Question 21

what was the general results from arthropods in savannah patches study?

Answer 21

1. species richness was greater in rectangles
2. evennes was lower in connected patches
3. beta diversity was higher in rectangles,

Question 22

what are 3 design principles using IBG as a template?

Answer 22

1. larger better than smaller
2. if only several small reserve available they should be as close as possible
3. if reserve are isolated connecting with corridors can improve their conservation

Question 23

what is the SLOSS debate?

Answer 23

single large reserve or several small reserves? (same area)

Question 24

calculate diversity and eveness for the different habitat types

Answer 24

actually do it, i don’t know the answers yet

Question 25

what can IBG be applied to?

Answer 25

design of natural reserves

Question 26

what is shannons equitability (evenness)?

Answer 26

Question 27

what is the habitat richness?

Answer 27

4

Question 28

species that do not respond to patch size are….

Answer 28

area-independent species

Question 29

predation on dickcissel and eastern meadowlark ———– as patch size increases

Answer 29

decreases

Question 30

alien plants tend to be found in interoir or on edges of patches?

Answer 30

edges

Question 31

in one study they found that species richness ———– as we got more perimeter to interior ration

Answer 31

decreased

Question 32

what is diversity based on

Answer 32

species richness (# of species) and species abundance (# of individuals of each species)

Question 33

whats the difference between beta, alpha and gamma diversity?

Answer 33

alpha is diversity within an area

beta is diversity between ecosystems

gamma is diversity in total regional species pool

Question 34

why is patch size important?

Answer 34

influence the amount of interior and the amount of edge.

Question 35

edges can be defined as what?

Answer 35

in temrs of contrast

Question 36

what are the steps of edge creations?

Answer 36

1st degree process responses- increase in productivity, nutrient cycling, decomposition, dispersal

1st degree structural responses- less canopy cover, tree density and biomass

2nd degree process responses- recruitment, growth, mortality, reproduction

2nd degree structural responses - spling density, understory cover

2md degree compositiona responses- changes in species composition

Question 41

If there is a low perimeneter/edge ratio or high interior/edge ratio what are aspects of it

Answer 41

less length and therefores less interaction with matrix.

Less probability of barriers present within patch

Less funcioning as a corridor for species movement

more species divrsity

Question 42

if there is a high perimeter/edge ration or low interior/edge ratio what are some aspects?

Answer 42

1. more length and interaction with matrix
2. Mor probability of barriers present within patch
3. more functioning as a corridor
4. less species diversity

Question 43

context:

Answer 43

context is the setting or the adjacent landscape elements in contact with a patch at a local scale.

Question 53

what is the bioconcetration factor or BCF

Answer 53

simple partitioning across lipid membrane in gills of fish

Question 54

+ve correlation between BCF and what>

Answer 54

log Kow

Question 55

bioaccumulation of chemicals comes from what?

Answer 55

1. paritioning of chemicals across gills
2. concentration coming from food

Question 56

what is equations for log BCF?

Answer 56