Lecture 7

Question 1

Heart Murmurs

Answer 1

• Incompetent

- Stenotic

Question 2

Incompetent

Answer 2

• Swishing

- Doesnt close all the way

Question 3

Stenotic

Answer 3

• High-pitch or click

- doesn’t open all the way

Question 4

Valvular Disease

Answer 4

1- Valvular Stenossi
2- Valvular Regurgitation/Incompetence/Insufficiency
3- Aortic Stenosis
4- Mitral Stenosis

Question 5

Valvular Stenossi

Answer 5

occurs when a valve does not open porperly

Question 6

Valvular Regurgitation/Incomplete?Insufficiency

Answer 6

occurs when a valve does not close properly – this frequently results in the backflow (regurgitation) of blood.
• End result of valve dysfunction is myocardial hypertrophy – this is a compensatory mechanism intended to increase the pumping capability of the heart

Question 7

Aortic Stenosis

Answer 7

• Results in decreased SV and CO, also faint pulses

* LV hypertrophy develops which increases myocardial oxygen demand

Question 8

Mitral Stenosis

Answer 8

• Clinical manifestations include increase LA pressure & hypertrophy, LV hypertrophy, and increased risk of atrial dysrhythmias
 If untreated, may see pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary edema and right ventricular failure

Question 9

Mitral Stenosis Causes

Answer 9

Rheumatic fever – group A beta strep, most common

Congenital heart defect – babies are born with narrowed valve.

Question 10

long-standing valvular disease

Answer 10

1- Aortic Insufficiency
2- Mitral Insufficiency
3- Vlaves may need to be replaced

Question 11

Aortic Insufficiency

Answer 11

o Blood ejected during ventricular systole flows back into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole
o increased ESV, decreased SV and CO and LV hypertrophy

Question 12

Mitral Insufficiency

Answer 12

o Some of the blood ejected during ventricular systole is forced into the left atrium (instead of out the aorta)
o decreased SV and CO, increased LV hypertrophy

Question 13

Relationship between rheumatic fever and mitral stenosis

Answer 13

• Rheumatic fever. A complication of strep throat infection {group A beta hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) pharyngitis}, rheumatic fever can damage the mitral valve, leading to mitral valve stenosis later in life. Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of mitral valve stenosis. It can damage the mitral valve in two main ways. The infection may cause the leaflets of the valve to thicken, limiting the valve’s ability to open. Or the infection may cause the leaflets of the mitral valve to fuse somewhat together, preventing the valve from opening and closing properly. People with rheumatic fever may have both mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation

Question 14

Prothetic Heart Valves

Answer 14

1- Tilting Disc Valves (single leaflet)

2- Bileaflet Valves