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Cardiopulmonary Test 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Apex

A

-bottom

Formed by tip of left ventricle

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2
Q

Base

A
  • top

- Approximately at the level of the 2nd costal cartilages

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3
Q

Anterior Surface

A

consists primarily of right ventricle

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4
Q

Number of upper chambers

A
  • two

- right and left atria

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5
Q

Number of lower chambers

A
  • two

- right and left ventricles

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6
Q

Right ventricle moves

A

venous blood to the pulmonary circulation

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7
Q

Left ventricle moves

A

arterial blood to the systemic cirvulation

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8
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separates right and left atria

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9
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A
  • depression in the interatrial septum

- remnant of foramen ovale

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10
Q

Failure to close foramen ovale is

A

Patent foramen ovale

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11
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

an interatrial septum that fails to develop properly

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12
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

separates right and left ventricles

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13
Q

Ventricular septal defects

A
  • most common congenital cardiac abnormalities

- Found in 30-60% of all newborns with congenital heart defect or about 2-6 per 1000 births

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14
Q

Ventricular septal defect is aquired by

A

a few days after myocardial infraction due to macrophage remodeling of dead heart tissue before scar tissue forms

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15
Q

Heart must contact forcefully and overcome

A

aortic and pulmonary pressure in order to pump blood.

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16
Q

Each ventricle hold about

A
  • 150 ml (at end diastolic volume) when full

- Only about half is ejected (70-80 ml)

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17
Q

Stroke Volume

A

70-80 ml

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18
Q

Ejection Fraction equation

A

Stroke Volume/End Diastolic Volume x 100%

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19
Q

Layers of the heart

A

1- Endocardium
2-Myocardium
3-Epicardium

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20
Q

Endocardium

A

1- Innermost layer

2- Lines inner chambers, valves, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

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21
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer

  • thick, muscular layer
  • responsible for pumping action
  • not capable of regeneration (Hyperplasia)
  • Is capable of hypertrophy
22
Q

Cadiac Muscle Cells

A

1- Cylinderical branching cells
2- Single central nucleus
3- Intercalated discs

23
Q

Epicardium

A

1- Also called the visceral pericardium
2- External layer of the heart
3-Includes blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers and EPICARDIAL FAT

24
Q

Epicardial Fat weight and surface

A
  • Covers 60-80% of heart surface

- 20% weight

25
Q

Epicardial Fat distribution

A

Along Coronary arteries, over the right ventricle especially along the right border

  • anterior surface
  • Apex
26
Q

Epicardial Fat purpose

A

provide fatty acids to cardiac muscles as a local energy source in times of high demand

27
Q

Epicardial and Abdominal Adipose relationship

A

The more abdominal adipose present the more epicardial fat is present

28
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

Rough outer layer of the pericardial sac

29
Q

Pericardial Space or pericardial cavity

A

exists between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers

30
Q

Pericardial Space Volume

A

Contains approximately 10 ml of fluid

31
Q

Pericardial Space purpose

A

acts as a lubricant, preventing friction as heart beats

32
Q

Major Hear Valves

A
  • 2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves

- 2 Semilunar valves

33
Q

Heart Valve Functions

A
  • Ensure blood flow in one direction through heart chambers

- Prevent back flow (REGURGITATION) of blood flow

34
Q

Regurgitation of blood

A

Blood flows back through the valve in the wrong direction

35
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV) seperate

A

atria from ventricles

36
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

1- Tricupsid valve

2- Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

37
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

1- Lies between right atrium and right ventricle
2-Consists of 3 separate leaflets
3-Larger in diameter and thinner than mitral valve

38
Q

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

A

1- Has only two cusps

2- Lies between left atrium and left ventricle

39
Q

Cusps of AV valves are attached to

A

Chordae Tendineae (Heart Strings)

40
Q

Chordae Tendineae originate from

A

Papillary Muscles

41
Q

Chordae Tendineae purpose

A
  • anchors in the closed position

- prevents valves from being blown upward into the atria

42
Q

How do Chordae Tendineae work

A
  • Papillary muscles contract when ventricular walls contract
  • Pull the vanes of the valves inward toward the ventricles to prevent their bulging too far backward toward the atria during ventricular contraction
43
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

1- Pulmonic Valve

2- Aortic Valve

44
Q

Semilunar Valves Characteristic

A

Have 3 cusps shaped like half-moons

45
Q

Semilunar Valve Functions

A

Prevent back flow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular diastole

46
Q

Heart Sounds

A

1- First heart sound (S1)

2- Second Heart sound (S2)

47
Q

S1 sound

A

1- Associated with closure of tricuspid and mitral (AV) valves
2- Often referred to as “lub)

48
Q

S2 sound

A

1- Associated with closure of pulmonic and aortic (semilunar) valves
2- Dub

49
Q

Blood Flow through Heart

A 
1- Right Atrium
2- Tricuspid
3- Right Ventricle
4- Pulmonic Valve
5- Pulmonary Trunk
6-Pulmonary Arteries
7- Lungs (pulmonary capillaries)
8-Pulmonary Veins
9- Left Atrium
10-Mitral Valve
11- Left Ventricle
12- Aortic Valve
13- Aorta
14- Systemic Circulation
50
Q

Right Atrium receives blood from

A

1- Superior vena cava
2- Inferior vena cava
3- Coronary Sinus

Cardiopulmonary Test 1 (9 decks)

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