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HMS119 Population Health & Culture > Lecture 7 (22/7/2021) > Flashcards

Lecture 7 (22/7/2021) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Epidemic

A

Occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time.

  • sudden outbreak of disease (moves above normal threshold)
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2
Q

Define Pandemic

A

An epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents.

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3
Q

Define Outbreak

A

Epidemic limited to a localized increase in the incidence of disease.

  • sudden increase of disease
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4
Q

Define Cluster

A

Aggregation of cases that are closely grouped in time and place, where the number of cases may or may not exceed the expected number.

  • cases that appear closely grouped in time and place (may/may not move above threshold)
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5
Q

What are the 3 factors that lead to an outbreak?

A
  1. Agent
  2. Host
  3. Environment
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6
Q

Give 4 reasons why there are investigations of outbreaks.

A
  1. Prevention and control
  2. Research
  3. Public concern
  4. Training
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7
Q

Give the 10 steps of an outbreak investigation.

A
  1. Establish the existence of an outbreak.
  2. Verify the diagnosis
  3. Case definition
  4. Identify additional cases
  5. Perform descriptive epidemiology
  6. Develop and test the hypothesis
  7. Reconsider hypothesis
  8. Perform additional studies
  9. Implement control measures
  10. Communicate findings.
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8
Q

Explain Step 1 of an outbreak investigation.

Establish the existence of an outbreak

A

Determining if observed numbers exceed the expected level and becoming aware of artifactual causes (errors) of increases or decreases of reported cases, which can be caused by a change in reporting practices.

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9
Q

Define Step 2 of an outbreak investigation.

Verify the diagnosis

A

Reviewing the clinical and laboratory findings of an outbreak to ensure the disease is probably identified and to rule out laboratory errors.

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10
Q

In Step 3, what are the 4 Standard elements?

Case Definition

A
  1. Clinical information
  2. Time
  3. Place
  4. Person
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11
Q

In Step 3, the 3 degrees of certainty are…

Case Definition

A

Suspect, Probable, and Confirmed.

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12
Q

Explain Step 4 of an outbreak investigation.

Identify additional cases

A

Searching for cases within the time and space limits of the case definition. This is done by compiling and updating a line listing of cases with valid information.

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13
Q

In Step 5, data is oriented in terms of _________, to provide useful insight into the outbreak.
(Perform descriptive epidemiology)

Hint: TPP

A

Time, Place, and Person.

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14
Q

Explain ORIENT IN TIME in Step 5.

A

Development of outbreak over time; displayed by plotting a graph or epidemic curve that shows the Number of cases (y-axis) and Time of onset of illness (x-axis) using an appropriate interval.

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15
Q

Explain ORIENT BY PLACE in Step 5.

A

Geographic distribution of cases can provide clues to the source of the epidemic and help identify the mode of transmission of disease.

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16
Q

Define ORIENT IN PERSON in Step 5.

A

Case and personal characteristics are examined to determine who is at further risk of disease.

17
Q

Discuss Step 6 of an outbreak investigation.

Develop and test the hypothesis

A
  1. A hypothesis is developed by using Descriptive epidemiology.
    - TPP
    - Clinical and laboratory findings
  2. Hypothesis is tested by using Analytic epidemiology.
    - Identify exposures significantly associated with illness.
18
Q

What are the 2 Analytic epidemiologic study designs?

A
  1. Retrospective cohort study

2. Case-control study

19
Q

Give 2 differences between Retrospective cohort study (RCS) and Case-control study (CCS).

RCS - occurs after outcomes.

A
  1. RCS - Illness occurs within a well-defined population.
    CCS - Illness doesn’t occur in a well-defined population.
  2. RCS - Compares rates of illness among those with risk factors and those without the risk factors.
    CCS - Compares exposures among people with illness and those without illness.
20
Q

Define Step 7 of an outbreak investigation.

Reconsider hypothesis

A

Formulate conclusions that explain the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic facts observed.

21
Q

Define Step 8 of an outbreak investigation.

Perform additional studies

A

Additional studies are carried out to find more information about the outbreak.

22
Q

Step 9 of an outbreak investigation is done to…
(Implement control measures)

Hint: 4 Ps

A
  1. Prevent exposure
  2. Prevent infection
  3. Prevent disease
  4. Prevent death
23
Q

Give 2 examples of implementation of control measures.

A
  1. Quarantine and isolation of infected individuals to reduce spread.
  2. Vaccination of individuals
24
Q

Why is Risk communication developed?

A

To find more effective ways to communicate health risks.

25
Q

The goal of Risk communication is…

A

To provide information about the expected type and magnitude of an outcome from behaviour or exposure.

26
Q

What is the purpose of Risk communication?

A

To empower decision-making.

27
Q

Give 2 pitfalls of Risk communication.

A
  1. Mixed messages from multiple experts.

2. Messages that are over-reassuring.

28
Q

The 4 factors that audiences judge messages in a crisis are:

A
  1. Accuracy of information
  2. Speed of release
  3. Empathy
  4. Openness
29
Q

Give 4 Emergency Risk Communication Principles.

A
  1. Don’t over reassure
  2. Avoid allaying panic.
  3. Emphasize that process is in place
  4. Address ‘what if’ questions
30
Q

Give 4 challenges in Outbreak Investigations.

A
  1. Data sources
  2. Publicity
  3. Reluctance to participate
  4. Specimen collection
31
Q

Explain the 2 common patterns of an Epidemic curve.

A
  1. Point-source outbreak - sharp rise in cases, followed by rapid decline in cases. (common source)
  2. Propagated outbreak - series of progressive peaks of illness. (continuous common source)

HMS119 Population Health & Culture (7 decks)

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