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Personality theory -FINAL > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What explains differences across the lifespan?

A

Changes in personality traits due to social experiences and age

Srivastava et al. (2003) found significant age-linked changes in the Big Five traits.

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2
Q

What is the Five-Factor Model of Personality?

A

A model consisting of five key personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

This model is widely used for personality assessment.

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3
Q

What is Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)?

A

A theory proposing that personality traits are linked to specific neural systems responding to environmental stimuli

Developed by Gray in 1991.

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4
Q

What are the three systems identified in Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory?

A
  • Behavioral Approach System (BAS)
  • Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS)
  • Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
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5
Q

What does the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) respond to?

A

Pleasurable stimuli

Produces a tendency to approach such stimuli.

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6
Q

What emotion is primarily associated with the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS)?

A

Fear

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7
Q

What is the main function of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?

A

Resolves goal conflicts by generating anxiety and a defensive approach

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8
Q

What is the goal of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory?

A

To identify neural subsystems that correspond to universal types of motivation and emotion

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9
Q

What is a significant limitation of classic trait theories according to RST?

A

They often use a top-down approach, identifying high-level personality variables before understanding underlying biological mechanisms

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10
Q

What do Collins et al. (2016) argue about the Big Five?

A

It describes between-person differences but fails to explain individual variability across situations and time

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11
Q

What is the distinction between longitudinal stability and cross-situational consistency?

A
  • Longitudinal stability: consistency of traits over time
  • Cross-situational consistency: consistency of traits across different situations
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12
Q

What does the person-situation controversy highlight?

A

Behavior varies significantly across different situations, challenging the consistency of traits

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13
Q

What did Mischel and Peake (1983) find regarding conscientiousness?

A

Levels of cross-situational consistency were relatively low despite some individuals maintaining conscientious behavior over time

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14
Q

What is the implication of RST for trait theory?

A

It introduces an interactionist perspective, emphasizing how personality structures are activated by environmental cues

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15
Q

What did De Raad and Mlačić (2017) conclude about the universality of the Big Five?

A

The Big Five loses to structures with two or three factors in different cultures, questioning its universality

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16
Q

What did Singh, Misra, & De Raad (2013) find in their study of Hindi-speaking citizens of India?

A

No consistent relations with the Big Five were observed; individual differences aligned with triguna

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17
Q

What are the implications of the Big Five Model for psychological treatment?

A

Individuals with different personality traits may benefit more from tailored psychological treatments

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18
Q

How does conscientiousness affect health outcomes?

A

Higher conscientiousness is associated with longer lifespan and lower risk behaviors

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19
Q

What role does conscientiousness play in workplace performance?

A

It is related to job performance across various tasks, but other traits may also be important

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20
Q

What is a unique feature of McCrae and Costa’s five-factor theory?

A

Traits are causal factors that influence psychological development and are biologically based

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21
Q

What is the relationship between the Big Five traits and biological mechanisms?

A

Differences linked to the Big Five are determined by genetic influences on neural structures and brain chemistry

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ system is activated by environmental cues involving reward.

A

[Behavioral Approach System (BAS)]

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23
Q

True or False: The Five-Factor Model suggests that personality traits are solely environmentally influenced.

A

False

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24
Q

What explains the relationship between conscientious individuals and risk-taking behavior?

A

Conscientious individuals took fewer risks and were less likely to smoke and drink heavily.

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25
How is the five-factor model useful in the workplace?
It is useful in predicting job performance.
26
What personality trait is related to performance across a variety of jobs and tasks?
Conscientiousness.
27
What does data suggest about the stability of personality over time?
Personality is more stable over short periods than long periods.
28
How does personality stability differ between childhood and adulthood?
Personality is more stable in adulthood than in childhood.
29
What are the individual differences observed in stability during personality development?
There are individual differences in stability during development.
30
What impact do parenting practices have on personality development?
Parenting practices can impact personality development.
31
What is one view regarding the determination of personality development?
Personality development is largely biologically determined and continuous.
32
What do McCrae and Costa's five-factor theory aim to connect?
It aims to connect biological views of traits and environmental influences to observable personality variables.
33
What is a problematic issue with the five-factor theory related to personality structures?
How to link personality structures to personality processes.
34
What research contradicted the claim that traits are not affected by social factors?
Twenge (2002) found sociocultural changes associated with higher levels of anxiety and increased extraversion.
35
What do cultural and language variations suggest about the Big Five dimensions?
There are culture-specific factors.
36
What did DeRaad and Peabody (2005) conclude about the Big Three traits?
The Big Three – Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness – are cross-lingually recurrent.
37
What did Di Blas & Forzi (1999) find when examining personality terms in Italian?
A three-factor solution fit the data better: extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
38
What methodological issue arises in cross-cultural research of the Big Five?
Languages may lack one-to-one translations.
39
What factor has been suggested as a potential sixth factor in personality?
Honesty or honesty/humility.
40
What did Borsboom, Mellenbergh, and van Heerden (2003) highlight about the five-factor model?
The model cannot assume constructs describe factors in the head of each person.
41
What evidence exists for cross-situational consistency in personality?
There is evidence of trait consistency, but it appears more within domains of situations than across them.
42
What is a significant limitation of the database used in trait theory?
It rarely employs in-depth methods used by clinical theorists.
43
What did Cattell provide for systematic personality theory?
He analyzed traits, states, roles, and processes.
44
What sociocultural factor influenced changes in personality among women studied by Helson?
The women’s movement.
45
What do researchers find when analyzing the brain concerning the Big Five?
Extraversion correlates with brain volume in the frontal cortex related to environmental rewards.
46
What does the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) measure?
Five factors and six narrower facets.
47
What does the Fundamental lexical hypothesis suggest?
Important individual differences will be encoded as single terms in languages.
48
What did early work by Norman (1963) indicate about personality factors?
Five factors are necessary.
49
What correlation exists between NEO-PI-R scores and earlier personality inventories?
Scores on the NEO-PI-R correlate with Eysenck’s inventories and Cattell’s 16 factors.
50
What is a strength of the NEO-PI-R in personality assessments?
Forms are available for both self-report and observer ratings.
51
What is the major step forward identified in trait theory?
The ability to answer questions about individual differences in personality.
52
What is a criticism regarding the comprehensiveness of trait theories?
They have little to say about conscious and unconscious mental dynamics.
53
What is the main criticism regarding trait theory therapy?
There is no “trait theory therapy” ## Footnote Trait theory does not encompass therapeutic approaches.
54
What are some topics that trait theorists have little to say about?
* Conscious and unconscious mental dynamics * Phenomenological experiences * Interpersonal relations * Personality processes * The individual ## Footnote These topics are often of interest to other personality psychologists.
55
What efforts have trait theories made to ensure comprehensiveness?
Lexical researchers have combed the dictionary for all possible words to describe persons ## Footnote This effort is aimed at capturing a wide range of traits.
56
What is the Big Five model in personality assessment?
The Big Five model integrates Eysenck’s and Cattell’s factors and is measured using tools like the NEO-PI-R ## Footnote The Big Five includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
57
What does the NEO-PI-R measure relate to?
It relates meaningfully with other forms of measurement, including Q-sorts ## Footnote This indicates a robust framework for assessing personality.
58
What does the Big Five system help explain in terms of individual differences?
* Murray’s motivational model of personality * Biological research on temperament ## Footnote These links suggest that traits can be connected to motives and biological factors.
59
What is a strength of the trait approach regarding biological findings?
It allows for the integration of biological findings into a comprehensive model of personality ## Footnote This highlights the trait model's versatility.
60
What aspects of trait theory can be objectively tested?
* Prediction of five major dimensions of personality through factor analyses * Stability of trait scores over time * Similarity of genetically identical individuals on trait measures ## Footnote These predictions can be empirically tested.
61
What was the focus of the study reported in PLOS ONE regarding social media and personality?
The study analyzed the language used in social media communications of 75 thousand volunteers and its relation to personality scores ## Footnote This suggests potential commercial applications in advertising.
62
What language characteristics are associated with individuals high on Extraversion?
Words such as party and weekend ## Footnote These reflect social engagement and activity.
63
What language characteristics are associated with individuals low on Agreeableness?
Words such as hate and jealous ## Footnote These indicate negative interpersonal attitudes.
64
What research strategy is used to study age differences in personality traits?
Study people over long periods and administer the same personality trait measures at different times ## Footnote This approach assesses stability and change across the lifespan.
65
What factors could explain differences in personality traits across the lifespan?
Historical factors rather than age factors ## Footnote This perspective considers the influence of cultural and societal changes.
66
What change in Conscientiousness was observed across cultures?
Predicted increase in Conscientiousness was found in each culture studied ## Footnote This was consistent despite differing political, cultural, and economic conditions.
67
What trait levels change as adults age?
* Openness: Lower in older adults * Conscientiousness: Higher in older adults * Extraversion: Lower in older adults * Agreeableness: Higher in older adults * Neuroticism: Lower in older adults ## Footnote These changes reflect intrinsic maturation.

Personality theory -FINAL (5 decks)

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