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Question 1

What is the difference between perceived self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Answer 1

Perceived self-efficacy is not a global variable and is a judgment of what one can do, while self-esteem is an abstract sense of personal worth.

Question 2

How do perceived self-efficacy and performance relate?

Answer 2

The relation between perceived self-efficacy and performance is strong, whereas the relation between self-esteem and performance is often weak.

Question 3

What effect did observing a model being punished have on children’s behavior?

Answer 3

Children who observed the model being punished performed far fewer imitative acts than those in the Model Rewarded and No Consequences groups.

Question 4

What was the impact of incentives on children’s aggressive behavior?

Answer 4

Many more imitative aggressive behaviors were shown in the Incentive condition than in the No Incentive condition.

Question 5

In Bandura’s study, what types of conditions did children experience after observing aggressive behavior?

Answer 5

Children were presented with No Incentive and Positive Incentive conditions.

Question 6

What did Huesmann et al.’s longitudinal study find regarding media exposure and aggression?

Answer 6

People who saw high levels of violence when they were 6 to 10 years old were found to be more aggressive in early adulthood.

Question 7

What is observational learning or modeling?

Answer 7

Observational learning is the process of learning by observing the behaviors of others and forming a mental representation of the observed behavior.

Question 8

What is vicarious conditioning?

Answer 8

Vicarious conditioning is the process of learning emotional reactions through observing others.

Question 9

What was the conclusion of the research on violent video games by Anderson and Bushman?

Answer 9

Exposure to violent video games poses a public-health threat to children and youths.

Question 10

How does self-regulation relate to motivation in social-cognitive theory?

Answer 10

Self-regulation implies that people can motivate themselves by setting personal goals and evaluating their behavior.

Question 11

What did Weingberg, Gould, and Jackson find about self-efficacy in their study?

Answer 11

High self-efficacy subjects performed better than low self-efficacy subjects.

Question 12

How can self-efficacy beliefs influence performance?

Answer 12

Self-efficacy beliefs can wipe out differences in ability and influence effort and persistence.

Question 13

What role do performance feedback and self-efficacy judgments play in motivation?

Answer 13

They are particularly important in the development of intrinsic interest.

Question 14

What combination has a strong motivational impact according to the social-cognitive theory?

Answer 14

The combination of goals and performance feedback.

Question 15

What did Bandura and Cervone hypothesize about performance motivation?

Answer 15

Performance motivation reflects both the presence of goals and awareness of performance relative to standards.

Question 16

What is the significance of high self-efficacy expectations?

Answer 16

High self-efficacy expectations are necessary for perseverance in goals despite setbacks.

Question 17

What is the CAPS model in social-cognitive theory?

Answer 17

CAPS stands for Cognitive-Affective Processing System, highlighting distinctive profiles of situation-behavior relationships.

Question 18

What did Shoda, Mischel, and Wright observe in their study of children at summer camp?

Answer 18

Children displayed different types of behaviors based on whether interactions involved a peer or an adult counselor.

Question 19

How do self-efficacy beliefs influence emotional responses?

Answer 19

Individuals with high self-efficacy beliefs approach tasks with better moods and are better able to cope with stress.

Question 20

What does self-efficacy influence in terms of coping with disappointments?

Answer 20

Self-efficacy beliefs influence how people cope with disappointments and stress in pursuit of life goals.

Question 21

What is the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and actual skills?

Answer 21

People may differ in perceived self-efficacy while being the same on actual skills.

Question 22

What method did Bandura use to assess self-efficacy?

Answer 22

Bandura emphasized a microanalytic research strategy using situation-specific measures.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: Observational learning or modeling allows people to form a mental representation of the behavior they have observed to draw upon at a later point in time, and can be more complex than simple _______.

Answer 23

imitation

Question 24

What is the main focus of Bandura’s research strategy?

Answer 24

Microanalytic research strategy

This approach involves asking individuals to indicate their certainty in performing specific behaviors in designated contexts.

Question 25

What is the difference between self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations?

Answer 25

Self-efficacy expectations: beliefs about performing a behavior. Outcome expectations: beliefs about rewards and punishments from a behavior.

Question 26

Which type of expectations is generally more important in determining behavior?

Answer 26

Efficacy expectations.

Question 27

Define a goal in the context of social-cognitive theory.

Answer 27

Mental representation of the aim of an action or course of actions.

Question 28

How do goals contribute to self-control?

Answer 28

They guide priorities and organize behavior over extended periods.

Question 29

What is the significance of proximal goals compared to distal goals?

Answer 29

Proximal goals often have a bigger influence on current behavior.

Question 30

What are evaluative standards?

Answer 30

Criteria for evaluating events that influence emotions and actions.

Question 31

What are 'personal standards' in social-cognitive theory?

Answer 31

Evaluative standards concerning one’s self.

Question 32

What does the CAPS model of personality consist of?

Answer 32

Cognitive and emotional personality variables, situational features activating subsets of personality.

Question 33

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 33

The mutual influence of behavior, personality characteristics, and the environment.

Question 34

True or False: Evaluative standards are always set by an outside agent.

Answer 34

False.

Question 35

What is moral disengagement?

Answer 35

The tendency to disengage from moral standards for personal advantage.

Question 36

What is the role of observational learning in self-control?

Answer 36

Children observe models to learn delay of gratification behaviors.

Question 37

What are the two types of knowledge involved in competencies?

Answer 37

* Procedural knowledge * Declarative knowledge.

Question 38

Who are Bandura and Mischel?

Answer 38

Prominent psychologists in social-cognitive theory and personality.

Question 39

What type of impacts did Bandura and Mischel have in psychology?

Answer 39

Ranked among the top 25 most impactful psychologists of the 20th century.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: People with lower self-efficacy often fail to attempt _______.

Answer 40

valuable activities.

Question 41

What can influence a person's beliefs about their ability to influence events?

Answer 41

Societal factors such as social and economic conditions.

Question 42

What does cognitive processing allow people to do?

Answer 42

Reason about past events and hypothetical future events.

Question 43

How does delay of gratification in childhood predict health outcomes?

Answer 43

Children poor at delaying gratification are more likely to become overweight.

Question 44

What is the significance of the 'person-situation controversy'?

Answer 44

It questions the consistency of behavior across different situations.

Question 45

What do social-cognitive investigators study?

Answer 45

Expectancies in a domain-linked manner ## Footnote They recognize that varying expectations and behavior is basic to survival.

Question 46

What does the delay ability in childhood predict?

Answer 46

Health-related outcomes ## Footnote For example, poor delay ability at age 4 correlates with higher body mass index at age 11.

Question 47

What did Mischel’s Delay of Gratification Paradigm investigate?

Answer 47

The implications of delay of gratification for later personality development ## Footnote It relates preschool delay of gratification scores to cognitive and social competence in adolescence.

Question 48

What did Shoda, Mischel, & Peake (1990) find about delay of gratification?

Answer 48

There is considerable continuity between preschool delay measures and later cognitive and social competence ## Footnote This indicates that early self-control can predict later outcomes.

Question 49

What might a behaviorist argue about children's behavior in Mischel’s paradigm?

Answer 49

The main determinant would be the reward contingencies ## Footnote However, all children received the same rewards based on the same behavior.

Question 50

What cognitive strategies help children in delay of gratification tasks?

Answer 50

Strategies such as distracting thoughts about rewards ## Footnote Examples include thinking of rewards as non-food objects or singing songs.

Question 51

How does the availability of rewards affect children's delay abilities?

Answer 51

Children can wait longer if rewards are covered ## Footnote They struggle to control impulses when rewards are visible.

Question 52

What is a primary determinant of actions and emotions according to social-cognitive theory?

Answer 52

Expectations about the future ## Footnote This includes expectancies about others' behaviors and one's own capabilities.

Question 53

What does the marshmallow test measure?

Answer 53

It may measure the ability to delay gratification, trust, future confidence, or intelligence ## Footnote Recent research suggests these concepts are related but distinct.

Question 54

What significant predictive power do measures of self-control have?

Answer 54

They predict later functioning in school success, occupational success, health, and criminal convictions ## Footnote This includes the marshmallow task and other self-control measures.

Question 55

What is the dependent measure in Mischel’s delay of gratification paradigm?

Answer 55

How long children can wait before ringing a bell ## Footnote The bell signals the adult's return for a smaller reward.

Question 56

What components contribute to delay of gratification at a psychological level?

Answer 56

Impulsive desire for a reward and cognitive strategies to avoid acting on that impulse ## Footnote This suggests a biological analysis may identify brain areas related to these components.

Question 57

How do individuals acquire emotional responses and behaviors in social-cognitive theory?

Answer 57

Through observing models and direct experiences of rewards and punishments ## Footnote Vicarious conditioning also plays a role.

Question 58

What is perceived self-efficacy?

Answer 58

People's perceptions of their own capabilities for action in future situations ## Footnote Higher self-efficacy leads to greater persistence and calmness in task performance.

Question 59

What did Casey et al. (2011) find about brain activity related to self-control?

Answer 59

Better self-control in childhood is linked to more activity in the frontal lobes in adulthood ## Footnote Delay ability negatively correlates with activation in the striatum, which processes reward information.

Question 60

What is the essence of personality according to social-cognitive theory?

Answer 60

Differing ways individuals perceive situations and develop expectations ## Footnote This leads to distinct behavior patterns based on perceptions and expectations.

Question 61

True or False: Self-control is identical to intelligence.

Answer 61

False ## Footnote Self-control is distinct from intelligence and socioeconomic status.