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Personality theory -FINAL > ch13 > Flashcards

ch13 Flashcards

1
Q

What did D’Argembeau et al. (2009) study in relation to goals?

A

Participants imagined future outcomes that were or were not personal goals

Examples include imagining becoming a doctor or going deep-sea fishing.

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2
Q

Define modeling in the context of therapeutic change.

A

Desired activities are demonstrated by models who experience positive consequences or at least no adverse consequences.

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3
Q

What is guided mastery?

A

An individual views a model performing beneficial behaviors and is assisted in performing those behaviors.

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4
Q

How does self-efficacy relate to health according to the text?

A

Increases in self-efficacy beliefs were associated with enhanced immune system functioning.

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5
Q

What effect does perceived self-efficacy have on stress?

A

Growth of perceived efficacy over stressors can have valuable adaptive properties.

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6
Q

What were the three conditions tested on snake phobics?

A
  • Baseline control: no exposure to a snake
  • Perceived self-efficacy acquisition phase
  • Perceived maximal self-efficacy phase
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7
Q

What is the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and recovery from illness?

A

Changes in self-efficacy beliefs are important in recovery, but unrealistic beliefs can lead to excessive behavior.

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8
Q

True or False: Strong, positive self-efficacy beliefs are beneficial for health.

A

True.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Discrepancies between performance and standards lead to high motivation when people believe they can accomplish the _______.

A

[goal]

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10
Q

What leads to depression according to the text?

A

Perceived inefficacy in relation to a reasonable goal.

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11
Q

What is the role of perceived inefficacy in anxiety?

A

Perceived inefficacy in coping with threats leads to high anxiety arousal.

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12
Q

What does social-cognitive theory emphasize regarding self-conceptions?

A

The role of dysfunctional expectancies and self-conceptions.

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13
Q

What did Bandura (1977) suggest about therapeutic treatments?

A

They should increase people’s self-efficacy to cope with their fears.

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14
Q

What is the Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT)?

A

A test requiring increasingly threatening interactions with a red-tailed boa constrictor.

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15
Q

What are automatic thoughts in the context of psychological difficulties?

A

Thoughts that are often distorted and lead to negative emotions.

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16
Q

What does Ellis’s ABC model in rational-emotive therapy stand for?

A
  • Activating event (A)
  • Beliefs (B)
  • Consequence (C)
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17
Q

What is the stress inoculation procedure?

A

Clients learn about stress-inducing thoughts and relaxation techniques.

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18
Q

What are the two types of coping mentioned?

A
  • Problem-focused coping
  • Emotion-focused coping
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19
Q

Define primary appraisal in the context of stress.

A

Evaluating whether there is anything at stake in the encounter.

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20
Q

Define secondary appraisal in the context of stress.

A

Evaluating what can be done to overcome or prevent harm.

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21
Q

What are maladaptive behaviors often learned from?

A
  • Direct experience
  • Exposure to inadequate models
  • Reinforcement
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22
Q

What assumptions are common to cognitive therapy techniques?

A
  • Faulty cognitions lead to problematic feelings and behaviors
  • Collaborative effort between therapist and patient
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23
Q

What do Higgins’s evaluative standards imply for motivation?

A
  • Ideal standards lead to promotion focus
  • Ought standards lead to prevention focus
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24
Q

What are the two groups identified by Higgins, Bond, Klein, & Strauman (1986)?

A
  • Actual/ideal discrepancies
  • Actual/ought discrepancies
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25
What emotional reaction do people with actual/ideal discrepancies tend to experience?
Sadness.
26
What are the two groups identified by Higgins, Bond, Klein, & Strauman (1986) regarding self-discrepancies?
* Those with actual/ideal discrepancies * Those with actual/ought discrepancies ## Footnote These groups differ in their emotional reactions to negative life events.
27
What emotion do individuals with actual/ideal discrepancies tend to feel when envisioning a negative life event?
Sadness ## Footnote They do not typically feel anxious.
28
What emotion do individuals with actual/ought discrepancies tend to feel when envisioning a negative life event?
Anxiety ## Footnote They do not typically feel sad.
29
What triggers negative emotions according to the cognitive components of personality?
Discrepancies between the actual self and personal standards ## Footnote These discrepancies can lead to different emotions.
30
What type of discrepancy leads to sadness or dejection?
Between actual and ideal self ## Footnote This reflects an emotional response to unmet ideals.
31
What type of discrepancy leads to agitation and anxiety?
Between actual and ought self ## Footnote This reflects a response to perceived obligations.
32
What are ideal standards in the context of self-guides?
Standards of achievement that people ideally would like to reach ## Footnote These relate to aspects of the 'ideal self.'
33
What are ought standards in the context of self-guides?
Standards of achievement that people feel they should or ought to achieve ## Footnote These relate to elements of the 'ought self.'
34
What is the difference between goals and standards?
Goals are aims one hopes to achieve in the future; standards are criteria used to evaluate events in the present ## Footnote This distinction is important for understanding personality.
35
Which brain regions are more active when thinking about personal goals?
* Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) * Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) ## Footnote These areas are related to self-relevance and autobiographical memory.
36
What does the KAPA model aim to identify in personality assessment?
Knowledge structures and appraisals significant to an individual ## Footnote It emphasizes contextual assessment rather than general traits.
37
What are self-schemas?
Enduring mental representations of one's own personal qualities and aspirations ## Footnote They influence behavior and emotional responses.
38
What is the Cognitive Triad of Depression in Beck's Cognitive Therapy?
* Negative views of the self * Negative views of the world * Negative views of the future ## Footnote These components contribute to depressive thought patterns.
39
What did Blackwell, Trzesniewski, and Dweck (2007) find regarding entity theorists and incremental theorists?
Turning entity theorists into incremental theorists can reduce test anxiety and boost performance ## Footnote This was demonstrated through an educational intervention.
40
What do self-schemas motivate people to do?
Process information in particular ways ## Footnote This reflects a self-enhancement motive and a self-verification motive.
41
What can happen when self-enhancement and self-verification motives conflict?
Positive life events can be detrimental to health if they disrupt a negative self-concept ## Footnote This indicates the complexity of self-perception.
42
What did Meston et al. (2006) find regarding women with a history of sexual abuse?
They had lower scores on romantic/passionate items of the sexual self-schema measure ## Footnote This suggests lasting effects on self-perception and emotional experiences.
43
What are learning goals focused on?
The task and learning from it ## Footnote This contrasts with performance goals, which focus on demonstrating ability.
44
What did Andersen and Cyranowski find about women with high sexual self-schemas?
* More sexually active * Greater sexual arousal and pleasure * More involvement in romantic relationships ## Footnote This indicates the influence of self-perception on sexual experiences.
45
How do self-schemas affect appraisal processes?
They produce consistent styles of personality across different settings ## Footnote This reflects the KAPA model's emphasis on coherent self-appraisals.
46
What are self-schemas?
Cognitive generalizations about the self that guide information processing ## Footnote Self-schemas help individuals interpret their experiences and the world around them.
47
Who identified the concept of self-schemas?
Markus (1977) ## Footnote Markus conducted studies to explore how self-schemas influence self-perception and reaction times.
48
How do self-schemas affect reaction times?
Individuals with a self-schema respond faster to relevant adjectives ## Footnote This indicates that self-schemas facilitate quicker cognitive processing.
49
What are cognitive schemas?
Knowledge structures that organize and guide the processing of information ## Footnote Schemas can influence perception and interpretation of experiences.
50
What is the difference between learning goals and performance goals?
Learning goals focus on skill development; performance goals focus on evaluation by others ## Footnote Elliott and Dweck (1988) studied how these goals affect student performance.
51
What are implicit theories?
Unstated beliefs that guide thinking and behavior ## Footnote These can influence how individuals view psychological attributes, such as changeability.
52
What is the entity theory?
The belief that characteristics or traits are fixed ## Footnote This contrasts with incremental theory, which views traits as malleable.
53
What does Beck's cognitive therapy aim to correct?
Distorted conceptualizations and dysfunctional beliefs ## Footnote It is designed to assist individuals in monitoring and modifying negative thought patterns.
54
What was the outcome of the study by Hankin, Fraley, and Abela (2005)?
Negative thinking patterns predicted subsequent depressive symptoms ## Footnote This underscores the link between cognition and emotional health.
55
What is the role of self-efficacy beliefs in psychological disorders?
They influence motivation and emotional responses ## Footnote Self-efficacy can impact coping strategies and overall mental health.
56
True or False: Social-cognitive theory provides a fully specified theory of personality.
False ## Footnote It serves more as a framework for studying personality rather than a complete theory.
57
What are some methods used in social-cognitive research?
Controlled laboratory experiments, correlational studies, longitudinal methods, clinical outcome studies ## Footnote These methods enhance the reliability and validity of research findings.
58
Fill in the blank: Self-schemas are associated with _____ reaction times in relevant domains.
[faster] ## Footnote This indicates that individuals process self-related information more efficiently.
59
What did Dweck's social-cognitive analysis suggest regarding test anxiety?
Patterns of thinking can be changed to reduce anxiety ## Footnote This implies that interventions can help improve performance under pressure.
60
What is the relationship between emotional beliefs and social support?
Incremental beliefs lead to better emotion regulation and more social support ## Footnote This was observed in a study on college students.
61
What are some clinical applications of Beck's cognitive therapy?
* Depression * Anxiety * Personality disorders * Drug abuse * Marital difficulties ## Footnote Each area is associated with specific cognitive patterns addressed in therapy.
62
What is a key feature of social-cognitive theory in relation to clinical practice?
It integrates basic and clinical research ## Footnote This connection enhances the applicability of theoretical concepts to real-world issues.
63
What is the impact of learning versus performance goals on children's emotional responses?
Performance goal participants expressed more tension and anxiety ## Footnote This highlights the emotional consequences of different goal orientations.

Personality theory -FINAL (5 decks)

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