Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychopathology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

Eating Disorders and Obesity

1
Q

What are some potential signs of an eating disorder

A
  • excessive exercise
  • preoccupation with feeling fat
  • abnormal electrolyte levels
  • intense fear of gaining weight
  • unusually large intake of food
  • anxiety around or avoidance of eating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the feeding and eating disorders

A
  • Pica
  • Rumination Disorder
  • Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Bulimia Nervosa
  • Binge Eating Disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the ABC Characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa

A

A) Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode is characterised by:
1. Eating a much larger amount of food than most people would in similar time and situation
2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode

B) Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain

C) The binge eating and inappropriate behaviors both
occur on average at least once a week for 3 months

D) Self-evaluation is influenced by body shape and weight

E) Disturbance does not occur exclusively during anorexia

**also need to specify if in partial remission or full remission, and also specify the severity (mild, moderate, severe, extreme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa

A

1% overal
1.5% for women
0.5% for men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some comorbid psychological disorders with Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • 50%-70% have met criteria for a mood disorder at
    some point
  • 80% have met criteria for an anxiety disorder at some
    point, commonly PTSD, Social Phobia, or OCD
  • 25-30% attempt suicide, but rate of suicide is not
    higher than the general population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are key features of Bulimia Nervosa (not how its characterised, but more so things associated with the type of food consumed etc.)

A
  • Binges may involve up to 4,800 calories
  • Foods consumed are often high in sugar, fat, or
    carbohydrates
  • Most individuals are within 10% of normal body weight
  • Compensatory behaviors – designed to “make up for”
    binge eating including purging (self induced vomiting, diuretics, laxatives) or non-purging (Excessive exercise, fasting or food restriction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are feelings commonly experienced among those with Bulimia Nervosa

A

Most are overly concerned with body shape, fear of gaining weight

  • feelings of guilt, shame or regret are prevalent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can be some consequences of Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • Less lethal than anorexia nervosa BUT twice the
    mortality rate found in comparably aged peers without
    BN

Medical problems can arive from purging, including:
- Erosion of dental enamel, mouth ulcers
- Swollen salivary glands that lead to a puffy face
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures,
intestinal problems, permanent colon damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the ABC Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa

A

A) Restriction of energy intake resulting in weight that is less than minimally normal (adults) or expected (children) in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory and physical health

B) Intense fear of weight gain or becoming fat OR behavior that
interferes with weight gain when weight gain is needed

C) Disturbance in how weight/shape is experienced, undue influence of weight/shape in self-evaluation, or denial of seriousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the specifiers for Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • specify whether: restricting subtype OR binge-purge subtype
  • specify if: in partial remission, in full remission
  • specify if: mild, moderate, severe, extreme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is bmi

A

bmi = body mass index
- weight(kg) divided by height (m2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the prevalence for anorexia nervosa in men vs women

A

1% for women
0.3% for men
Common among ballet performers (20%)
Age of onset generally between 16-20 yrs - mostly female, white and from middle to upper middle class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some common comorbid disorders with Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • depression (70% experience at some point)
  • sexual dysfunction
  • OCD and substance abuse (purging type) (higher than average rated)
  • suicide is very prevalent (18x more likely then same aged peers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some key features of Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Often begins with dieting
  • Disturbance in how one’s weight or body shape is experienced
  • Avoid eating in front of others
  • Many deny having a problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can be some consequences of Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Mortality rate is 5x higher than the mortality rate for
    similarly aged females
  • Starving body borrows energy from internal organs,
    leading to organ damage including cardiac damage >
    can cause heart attack
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Amenorrhea
  • Sensitivity to cold temps
  • Lanugo
  • Dry skin, brittle hair and nails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are changes involved with anorexia nervosa/starvation syndrome

A
  • Personality/mood changes: Apathy, depression, tiredness,
    irritability, moodiness; poor concentration; narrowing of
    interests; loss of sexual interest; less spontaneity
  • Social changes: Deterioration in group spirit; reluctance to
    make group decisions or plan activities; social interaction
    became stilted; loss of interest in education/career
    activities
  • Food preoccupation: Preoccupation with food; food planning; food rituals
    increase in smoking, nail-biting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the ABC Characteristics of Binge Eating Disorder

A

A) Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode is characterized by:
1. Eating, in a discrete period of time, an amount of food that is larger than average
2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode

B) Binge eating is associated with 3 or more:
1. Rapid eating
2. Eating until uncomfortably full
3. Eating when not physically hungry
4. Eating alone due to embarrassment
5. Feelings of disgust, guilt, or depression afterwards

C) Marked distress regarding the binge eating

D) Binge eating occurs on average at least 1 day/week for 3 months

E) No AN or BN or inappropriate compensatory behavior

18
Q

What are the specifiers for Binge Eating Disorder

A

Specifiers: in partial remission, in full remission
Specify severity: mild, moderate, severe, extreme (based on # of binges)

19
Q

What is the prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder

A

men: 2%
women: 3.5%
Higher rates in obese sample (6.5%-8%)

20
Q

What is Binge Eating Disorder commonly comorbid with

A

High comorbidity with
- anxiety disorders (65%)
- mood disorders (46-70%)
- substance use disorders (23%)

21
Q

What are some key features of Binge Eating Disorder

A

They have more concern about their weight or shape
than overweight/obese pts without BED
- A typical binge involves around 1,900 calories
- Associated with being overweight or obese

22
Q

What are some consequences of Binge Eating Disorder

A
  • Physical discomfort and gastrointestinal distress
  • Shame, self-hatred, anxiety, and depression
  • Weight gain, obesity
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Adult-onset diabetes
  • Gout
23
Q

What are some common diagnostic crossovers for eating disorders

A

** What is striking is diagnostic crossover AND the
similarity between the disorders

  1. Anorexia Nervosa, restricting
    <—> Anorexia Nervosa, binge-eating/purging
  2. Anorexia Nervosa, binge-eating/purging <—> Bulimia Nervosa
  3. Bulimia Nervosa <—> Binge Eating Disorder
24
Q

List the causes of eating disorders

A
  • Biological influences
  • Sociocultural influences
  • Family influences
  • Psychological and behavioural influences
25
Q

Explain the biological factors regarding the causes of eating disorders

A

**Genetic components: Relatives of people with eating disorders are 4-5x more likely to develop an eating disorder

**Low levels of serotonergic activity often found in eating
disorders

**We may have biologically-driven set points for weight, going below these set points will increase hunger, which
may drive uncontrollable binging

26
Q

Explain the sociocultural factors regarding the causes of eating disorders

A

** Media portrayals: thinness linked to success, happiness

** Social pressures toward thinness in higher socioeconomic backgrounds

** Cultural emphasis on dieting

** Standards of ideal body size

27
Q

Explain the family influences regarding the causes of eating disorders

A

** Parents with distorted perception of food and eating may restrict children’s intake too (e.g., put chubby toddlers on
unnecessary diets)

** Perfectionistic parents

** Families of individuals with anorexia are often:
- High achieving with high expectations
- Concerned with external appearances
- Overly motivated to maintain harmony > leads to poor
communication and denial of problems
- Highly critical of family members’ shape, weight, and
eating

28
Q

Explain the psychological factors regarding the causes of eating disorders

A
  • Internalized the thin ideal
  • Negative body image
  • Perfectionism
  • Negative emotionality
  • Distress intolerance
  • Heightened sensitivity to rewards
29
Q

What are the treatment options for eating disorders

A
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors might help bulimia
  • Psychological treatments equally effective
  • CBT
  • Interpersonal psychotherapy
  • Family therapy

Specifically CBT-E (Fairburn, 2008): Has 4 stages

30
Q

Explain the first stage of CBT-E

A

Stage One: Establish the foundations of treatment;
achieve early change

  1. Engage the patient in treatment and change
  2. Assess the nature and severity of the psychopathology present
  3. Jointly create a personalised formulation
  4. Explain what treatment will involve
  5. Establish real-time self-monitoring
  6. Initiate in-session collaborative weighing
  7. Provide psychoeducation
  8. Establish a pattern of regular eating
  9. See significant others
31
Q

Explain the second stage of CBT-E

A

Stage Two: Review progress; identify emerging barriers
to change; design

  • Review progress and compliance with treatment
  • Identify emerging barriers to change
  • Review the formulation
  • Decide whether to use the “broad” form of CBT-E
  • Focused: Core default version of the treatment
  • Broad: Includes additional modules to address mood
    intolerance, clinical perfectionism, low self-esteem, and major
    interpersonal problems
  • Design Stage Three
32
Q

Explain the third stage of CBT-E

A

Stage Three: Address the main maintaining mechanisms

  • Focused version of CBT-E
  • Over-evaluation of shape and weight
  • Over-evaluation of control over eating
  • Dietary restraint
  • Dietary restriction
  • Being underweight
  • Event-related changes in eating
33
Q

Explain the fourth stage of CBT-E

A

Stage Four:
Maintain the changes obtained
- Identify what problems remain
- Jointly devise a specific plan for
maintaining progress

Minimise the risk of relapse
- Identify future “at risk” times
- Being underweight
- Devise a plan for dealing with setbacks

34
Q

What is considered overweight vs obese

A

overweight: BMI between 25-29
obese: BMI 30+
- obesity increasing more rapidly
in children/teens, in developing countries, and is closely associated with smoking

35
Q

What are some consequences of overweight/obesity

A
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Diabetes
  • Musculoskeletal disorders

Childhood Obesity
* Breathing difficulties
* Increased risk of fractures
* Hypertension
* Early markers of cardiovascular disease
* Insulin resistance
* Psychological effects

36
Q

What are some biological influences of overweight and obesity

A

Genetics account for about 30% of obesity cases

Hormones
- Leptin: Produced by fat cells
- Ghrelin: Produced by the stomach

37
Q

What are some sociocultural influences of overweight and obesity

A
  • We live in a culture that provides ready access to highfat, high-sugar foods
  • When people are given free access to food, they eat 150% more than their energy requirements
38
Q

What are some family influences of overweight and obesity

A

Social contagion: We may pick up the eating patterns of those we love

39
Q

What are some psychological and behavioural influences of overweight and obesity

A
  • High fat / High carbohydrate foods comfort us when we
    are distressed
40
Q

Treatment for overweight/obesity

A
  • Lifestyle modifications: Low calorie diet, exercise, behavioural intervention
  • Medications: e.g. Xenical
  • Lose up to 9% of baseline weight in a year
  • Bariatric (gastric bypass) surgery: Reduce the storage capacity of the stomach, and sometimes also shorten the length of the intestine
    so that less food can be absorbed

psychopathology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions