Lecture 7 Flashcards
Mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable conditions for crop production. Consists of breaking the compact surface of the Earth to a certain depth and loosening the soil mass, to enable the roots of the crops to penetrate and spread into the soil.
Tillage
What are the objectives of tillage
To obtain a deep seed bed, suitable for different types of crops.
To add more humus and fertility to soil by covering the vegetation.
To destroy and prevent weeds.
To aerate the soil for proper growth of crops.
To increase the water-absorbing capacity of the soil.
To destroy the insects, pests, and their breeding places.
To reduce soil erosion.
What are the types of tillage
Primary Tillage
Secondary Tillage
General-Purpose Tillage
Operation constitutes the initial cutting, breaking, and usually inversion of the soil. Often referred to as plowing. Normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates. The soil is cut deeper and more Thoroughly with a depth of 15cm to 90cm and it tends to produce a rough surface finish.
Primary Tillage
Subsequent breaking, pulverizing and levelling of the soil, making it ready for planting. Often referred to as harrowing. Depth of cut is normally 7cm to 15cm and sometimes selective in location. It tends to produce a smoother surface finish usually for the purpose of making a good seedbed for many crops.
Secondary Tillage
Combined primary and secondary tillage in one operation
General-Purpose Tillage
Type of Tillage system that Leaves less than 15% crop residue cover or less than 560kg/ha of small grain residue.
Intensive Tillage
A practice of minimizing soil disturbance and allowing crop residue to remain on the ground. Leaving between 15 to 30% residue cover on the soil or 560 to 1100 kg/ha of small grain residue during the critical erosion period
Reduced Tillage
Leaves at least 1,100 kg/ha of small grain residue on the surface during the soil erosion period. At least 30% of the soil surface is covered with crop residue/organic residue.
Conservation Tillage
Extreme form of conservation tillage resulting minimal disturbance to the soil surface, not using of any tillage equipment. Aims for 100% ground cover.
Zero Till/ No Till
Narrow strips are tilled where seeds will be planted, leaving the soil in between the rows untilled.
Strip-till
Involves planting row crops on permanent ridges about 6-10 inches high. The previous crop residue is cleared off ridge-tops into adjacent furrows to make way for the new crop being planted on ridges. Maintaining the ridges is essential and requires modified or specialized equipment
Ridge-till
Crop residues are mixed with the soil and a certain amount of residues (at least 30%) remain on the soil surface.
Mulch-till
the unplowed soil.
land
unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip.
Headland
is the trench/left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice.
Furrow
is the ribbon of soil cut, lifted, pulverized and thrown to one side of the plow bottom.
Furrow slice
is the raised ridge formed when a furrow slice is lapped over another slice. This ridge is slightly higher that the other ridges.
Back furrow
is the open trench, about twice the width of one bottom, formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each other.
Dead furrow
is the unbroken side of the furrow.
Furrow wall
when the land is broken by continuous lapping of furrow.
Flat broken
when the land is broken by alternate back furrows and dead furrows
Bedded or Listed
Equipment used by farmer to break and loosen the soil for a depth of 6 to 36 in(15.2 to 91.4 cm)
Primary Tillage Equipment
It is adapted to the breaking of many types of soils and is well suited for turning and covering crop residues. It is a sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts, and throws to one side a layer of soil
Moldboard Plow
or plow body; working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and landside, all attached to the frog part of the plow that actually breaks the soil.
Plow bottom
part of the plow just back of the share, which receive the furrow slice from the share and where the furrow slice is broken, crushed, pulverized and turned.
Moldboard
part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally. Its principal parts are the point, the wing, the cutting edge, and the gunnel.
Share
leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside
Shin
part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability during operation. Helps to counteract the side pressure exerted by the furrow slice on the moldboard
Landside
part attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of the plow bottom to the furrow bottom
Landside Heel
central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached
Frog
structure to which the standards are fitted
Frame
or beam and leg; upright support which connects the plow bottom to tillage implement frame
Standard
part of an implement designed to connect it to a power source
Hitch
Part of the plow just back of the share, which receive the furrow slice from the share and where the furrow slice is broken, crushed, pulverized and turned.
Moldboard
What are the types of moldboard?
- General Purpose
- Slatted moldboard
- Sod moldboard
- Stubble moldboard
Plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and can be used easily for stubble, ordinary trash, and stalk cover land. Designed to work in average soil conditions. Most commonly used in farms than other types. Ideal for use in old land stubble, and tame sod where there are no unusual conditions such as matted roots, excessive stalks, or trash. It comes with a soft center steel moldboard and carburized share. The bottom is 14”. All parts of the general purpose and stubble plow are identical, except moldboards and they are interchangeable.
General Purpose
Are often used where the soil is sticky and does not scour on solid moldboard. It is used in heavy clay, blackland, or red clay soils. Its shape is similar to that of the stubble bottom. Slat bottom is 12” or 14”.
slatted moldboard
Plow bottom that has long, narrow, and less sloping moldboard with a gradual twist that allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with minimum breakage. Somewhat similar to the general purpose bottom. The main difference is a straighter and somewhat longer moldboard which turns the furrow slice slower. It does not cover stalks and trash as well as either the general purpose or stubble bottom. Bottom is 12”.
Sod moldboard
Plow bottom that is shorter, broader, and curved more abruptly along the top edge and is suited to work in soil that has been cultivated from year to year. It is shorter than the general purpose and has a very sharp curvature. It gives a quick “flip” to the furrow slice, turning it over more completely. It pulverizes sod. Work well in hard scouring conditions. Does a good job of covering corn stalks and heavy trash. It is used generally in old pastures, corn stalk and heavy stubble lands. Stubble bottom is 14”.
Stubble moldboard
what are the three materials use for moldboard?
- Soft-center steel
- Crucible steel
- Chilled cast iron
is the best to use under most condition because majority of the soil will scour better on this type of material.
soft-center steel
provides the cutting edge and the parts of which are: the point, the wing, the cutting edge, the gunnel
Share
What are the types of Share?
- Regular with gunnel
- Two-piece
- Straight
or horizontal clearance; distance by which the point of the share is bent out of line with the landside to cut the proper furrow width
Horizontal Suction
or vertical clearance; distance by which the point of the share is bent downward for the plow to penetrate the soil to the proper depth when plow is pulled forward.
Vertical Suction
part of the plow bottom, which slides along the face of the furrow wall.
Landside
What are the classification of Moldboard plow?
- Based on Function
- Left-hand
- Right-hand
- Two-way or Reversible plow - Based on Mounting
- Animal Drawn
-Tractor Drawn
- Two-wheel tractor
- Four-wheel tractor- Trailing
- Semi-mounted
- Tractor-mounted
What are the types of four-wheel tractor drawn moldboard plows?
- Trailing or Pull Type
- Semi- Mounted Moldboard Plow
- Tractor-mounted moldboard plow
Type of plow hitched to the drawbar or lower links of the tractor, supported by two or three wheels, and equipped with hydraulic lines and cylinders for lifting and/or depth control.
Trailing or Pull type
This type of plow has the front end directly connected to the tractor’s three-linkage and its rear end is supported by furrow and land wheels. The plow is equipped with hydraulic lines and cylinders for its lifting and/or depth control.
Semi-mounted moldboard plows
Type of plow mounted on the tractor’s three-point linkage and depends upon the tractor for its general operation.
Tractor-mounted moldboard plows
are required if the plow is to maintain a uniform depth; they can be attached to the beam ahead of the bottom or to the side of the beam
Gage wheels
or flat knife or revolving disc; mounted in front of the plow bottom, which cuts the soil vertically and leave a clean wall. Rolling colters can be (a) fluted or rippled; (b) notched; (c) plain or smooth
Colter
a small, irregular-shaped piece of metal having a shape similar to an ordinary plow bottom; it is a miniature plow. Its purpose is to turn over a small, ribbonlike furrow slice directly in front of the main plow bottom
Jointer
optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper edge of the furrow in the furrow bottom.
Trash Board
It is implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut partially or completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil. Its blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the direction of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.
Disk Plow
What are the classification of disc Plow?
- Based on Function
- One-Way Disc Plow
-Two-way or Reversible - Based on Mounting
- Animal Drawn
- Tractor Drawn - Two-wheel tractor
- Four-wheel tractor
- Trailing
- Semi-mounted
- Tractor- mounted
circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil.
concave disc
vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its concave side is placed on a flat surface.
concavity
angle the disc makes with the direction of travel to make the disc cut the proper width and allow the disc to rotate (42° - 45 °).
side angle
angle the disc makes with the vertical to make the disc penetrate the soil to the proper depth (15° - 25°)
tilt angle
determined by the number and diameter of the discs and the width of cut
Size
transverse distance between either the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs for measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25°. For nonadjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18 to 20°.
Width of Cut
is the angle between the line of travel of the disk plow and the turning axis of the disk blade varying the angle changes the work of the plow
Cutting angle
or beam; upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame. Some are movable where they join the beam and can be shifted a that point for spacing and angling the discs. Are usually of high-carbon steel.
Standard
should be large, strong, and have little friction, and should be well sealed. Friction bearings are standard equipment; ball or roller bearings being optional.
Bearing
structure on which the standards are fitted
Frame
is most common; provides a high clearance for trash but requires rather long standards.
Overhead Beam
lower beam; gives less clearance but provides an easy method of raising the ground-working disc blades.
Side Beam
component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc, gives a good turning effect, covering the sod and trash in a more satisfactory manner.
Scraper
turns over the soil and trash best
Moldboard Scraper
cleans or scrapes best and is very good in sticky soils
Hoe Scraper
used in non-scouring soils such as heavy, clay.
Disk Scraper
is at the front end of the frame and is connected to the hitch to aid in guiding and turning the plow; steers the plow; usually runs straight ahead; set at an angle so as to absorb side thrust
Front Furrow Wheel
located toward the rear of the plow but slightly forward of the rear furrow wheel; operates on unplowed ground
Land Wheel
slopes toward the land in order to absorb side thrusts; its rim is ridged so that it can dig into the furrow sole.
Rear Furrow Wheel
portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source.
Hitch
Is a tool with a rigid curved or straight shank with relatively narrow shovel points, maybe termed a heavy-duty deep cultivator; soil is stirred more or less in place, standards are arranged on heavy frames in two or three staggered rows to permit trash to pass between them without choking, most are provided with coil cushion springs in conjunction with the clamps; this permits the ground tool to swing back and up and to unhook the point, the furrows may be as closed as 12 in (30.5 cm) or as wide apart as 2 to 3 ft (61.2 to 91.4 cm), the depth of plowing may be as shallow as desired or as deep as 18 in (45.7cm) or more, often used to loosen hard, dry soils before regular plow is used.
Chisel Plow
is a heavy-duty tool designed to operate below the normal depth of tillage and to loosen the soil by lifting or displacement. Built heavier than chisel plows since it is used to penetrate the soil to depths of from 20 to 36 in (50.8 to 91.4 cm).
Subsoiler
is also known as lister, ridger, and bedder. It looks like double moldboard plows (one left wing, one right wing). It is used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage. Only a portion of the soil surface area covered is actually work
Furrower
Means stirring the soil at comparatively shallow depth. Follows the deeper primary tillage. It is possible to use some of the primary tillage equipment to do secondary tillage.
Secondary Tillage
implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and growth, used before plowing to cut up vegetable matter that may be on the surface, used after plowing to pulverize the soil and put it in better tilth for the reception of seeds, used for cultivation of crops, consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc
Disc Harrow
circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil, maybe round, or cutaway (also notched or scalloped edge)
concave disc
transverse distance between two adjacent disc edges, can be obtained by adding thickness of one disc and length of spool.
Disc Spacing
or disc angle; angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the direction of travel
side angle
transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs
width of cut
set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool; consists of blades assembled on a long gang bolt, or arbor bolt, which is generally square
Disc Gang
shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted
Gang axle
vertical distance between the ground and the lowest edge of the disc when the trailed harrow is supported on transport wheels
Ground clearance
mechanism by which
the gang angles are adjusted
Gand Angling Mechanism
angle between the axes of two adjacent gangs
Included angle
structure on which the gangs are fitted
Frame
flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two discs to prevent the lateral movement of the discs on the shaft
Spool
a half-moon-shaped cast-iron plate weighing several pounds placed on the convex side of the discs at the end of the gang
Bumper
component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc
Scraper
portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to the power source
Hitch
What are the classifications of disc harrow?
Based on Gang Orientation
1. Single-Action Disc Harrow
2. Tandem Disc Harrow
3. Offset Disc Harrow
Based on Hitching
1.Tractor-mounted
2.Trailing
consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite directions
Single-Action Disc Harrow
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite direction
Tandem Disc Harrow
consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor centreline
Offset Disc Harrow
Control of Penetration of Disc Harrow
Using a heavy or light harrow
Adding weights to the harrow
Using few or many discs per harrow
Exerting hydraulic forces, up or down
Using transport and depth-regulating wheels
Using dull or sharp disc blades
Using smaller or larger discs
Using cutout or notched discs
Adjusting the angle of the disc gang
These tools are used in the final seedbed preparation and for post planting operations to breakup soil crust and remove weeds.
Spike, Tine and Spring Tooth Harrows
implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain maximum stirring and raking of soil. Spikes are rigidly mounted on a frame, however the mounting bars maybe spring-loaded. The angle of the spikes may be altered to change the aggressiveness. Vertical orientation being the most aggressive.
Spike-Tooth Harrow
uses spring tines that create additional action for soil breakup. The tines are more closely spaced than the spikes, about 3.8-5 cm apart.
Tine Tooth Harrow
uses round wire teeth made of spring steel. It is a largely outdated piece of farm equipment. It uses many flexible iron teeth mounted in rows to loosen the soil before planting.
Spring Tooth Harrow
used as secondary tillage tools for seedbed preparation, similar to the chisel plows in appearance but operate at much shallower depths.
Field Cultivators
are also called power tillers. Power transferred to the tiller from the tractor via the power-take- off drive. A shaft containing blades is located at 90° to the line of travel and rotates in the same direction as the forward travel of the tractor. Since the shaft turns at a rate that is considerably faster than the corresponding tractor speed, soil pulverization is accomplished. Lighter tractors can be used for rotary tillage operation. Total power requirements for rotary tillers are generally higher than the conventional plows. However, one rotary tillage operation may be equivalent to several conventional tillage operation as far as the quality of the seed bed is concerned.
Rotary Tillers
Substantial improvements in the fields efficiency can be made by analyzing and varying the pattern of field operations. Pattern of operation is closely related to size and shape of the field. The primary objective in establishing an effective field pattern is to minimize the amount of field travel. The number of nonworking turns, the travel distance in a turn, and the amount of nonworking travel time in the interior of the field are all nonproductive users of time and energy, HENCE should be eliminated as much as possible. An optimal tillage pattern reduces the times spent in non-productive work. One of the most important objectives of a tillage pattern is to maximize the number of turns and maximize the length of the tillage runs. There are several patterns that can be used when tilling a field.
Field Pattern
refers to the travel of the machine across or round a field from a selected starting point to a point adjacent to the first.
round
is a half round or the travel from one end of the field to the other.
trip
describes the practice of dividing the field into sub-areas and operating on these sub-areas individually.
Operating in lands
are unprocessed areas that provide room for making turns. These strips are processed either previously or at a later time.
Turn strips
When the turn strip is at the end of a field it is called a
Headland
The operation of the implement operation paralleling each land’s boundaries. Commonly describes as “going around the field”. If the land is straight-sided, the operations may start from the center of the field; otherwise, operations start at the outside boundaries. Circuitous patterns having π/2-rad (90°) turns are:
Circuitous Pattern
Circuitous patterns having π/2-rad (90°) turns are:
a) Rounded corners
b) Square corners
c) Diagonal turn strips
It appears to have the greatest field efficiency as plowing is continuous. Oblong saucer shaped
Circuitous Pattern
Land System (Circuitous, 270̊ turn from Center) or Plowing from the Center
This system requires plowing to begin in the center of the field and works out to the edges. It requires some measurement of the field to establish the center point and if done correctly leaves a level field with drainage channels on the edges. This system can be used with all types of ploughs. In every large fields, a number of lands may be ploughed. This pattern is a good plowing pattern to alternate with the circuitous types that throws soil away from the center of the field.
has trips that parallel each other, incremented successively by the operating width of the implement, initiate at one boundary and terminate at the opposite. Turns are ¶-rad (180°) over the headlands. This system can only use by tined implements, rotovators, harrows and reversible ploughs, turn-wrest type, or symmetric tillage implements such as a two-way type driven disc plow. It is usually the most field-efficient system and if equipment is correctly set up and operated should not leave furrows in the field. It is sometimes used in processing established row crops. To provide a turn that is easy to negotiate, the trips are not adjacent. The alternation pattern may be modification of the continuous pattern or the whole land may be alternated. Turns are ¶-rad (180°).
Headland Pattern or Consecutive Plowing
