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Bio Psych test 2 > lecture 7 > Flashcards

lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What theory suggests we perceive colors as opposites?

A

Opponent-Process Theory

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2
Q

Which two color continuums are proposed in the Opponent-Process Theory?

A

Red to green and yellow to blue

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3
Q

What is the role of bipolar cells are

A

excited by one set of wavelengths and inhibited by another.

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4
Q

What phenomenon provides support for the Opponent-Process Theory?

A

Negative color afterimages

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5
Q

Which area of the brain receives information from V1?

A

Secondary visual cortex (area V2)

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6
Q

What does the ventral stream specialize in?

A

Identifying and recognizing objects

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7
Q

Where does the ventral stream pathway go through?

A

Temporal cortex

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8
Q

What is the main function of the dorsal stream?

A

Visually guided movements

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9
Q

In which cortex is the dorsal stream located?

A

Parietal cortex

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10
Q

How do the ventral and dorsal streams work together?

A

They collaborate for normal visual behavior.

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11
Q

What deficit occurs with ventral stream damage?

A

Inability to identify objects

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12
Q

What deficit results from dorsal stream damage?

A

Inability to know where objects are

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13
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize objects despite satisfactory vision

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14
Q

In which part of the brain does damage cause visual agnosia?

A

Temporal cortex

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15
Q

Name a type of visual agnosia that affects face recognition.

A

Prosopagnosia

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16
Q

What type of agnosia affects color perception?

A

Achromatopsia

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17
Q

Which agnosia impairs the ability to read?

A

Alexia

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18
Q

What is the condition called that affects motion perception?

A

Akinetopsia

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19
Q

At what age do humans start recognizing faces?

A

As early as 2 months

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20
Q

What preference do newborns show in face recognition?

A

Preference for right-side-up faces

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21
Q

What is the Fusiform Gyrus’ role in face recognition?

A

Critical for recognizing faces

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22
Q

Where is the Fusiform Gyrus located?

A

Underside of the brain, near the cerebellum leading into the spinal cord

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23
Q

What condition results from damage to the Fusiform Gyrus?

A

Prosopagnosia (impaired ability to recognize faces)

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24
Q

What characterizes “super-recognizers”?

A

Rich connections between fusiform gyrus and occipital cortex, exceptional face recognition ability

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25
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in motion perception?

A

Various areas across all four lobes of the cerebral cortex, notably the MT/V5 and MST

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26
Q

What does the middle-temporal cortex (MT/V5) respond to?

A

Stimulus moving in a particular direction

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27
Q

What visual aspect does the medial superior temporal cortex (MST) respond to?

A

Expansion, contraction, or rotation of a visual stimulus

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28
Q

What kind of input do MT and MST receive?

A

Input from the magnocellular path

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29
Q

What does magnocellular neurons respond to?

A

Movement and patterns, but not color or fine details

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30
Q

What is motion blindness?

A

Inability to determine direction, speed, or if objects are moving

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31
Q

Which brain area’s damage likely causes motion blindness?

A

Damage in area MT

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32
Q

What unique visual ability might someone have despite significant V1 damage?

A

Ability to detect direction of movement

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33
Q

How does the brain interpret sensory messages?

A

As interpretations of messages sent by receptors sensitive to specific types of energy

34
Q

What does the law of specific nerve energies state?

A

Activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same type of information to the brain

35
Q

What spectrum of light can humans see?

A

400-700 nm

36
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

The white portion of the eye

37
Q

What function does the Iris serve?

A

Controls how much light enters the eye

38
Q

How does pupil size change with light?

A

Gets bigger or smaller depending on brightness

39
Q

What determines eye color?

A

Pigment in the iris, determined by genetics

40
Q

Where are bipolar cells located in the eye?

A

Closer to the center of the eye, receiving messages from visual receptors at the back of the eye

41
Q

What do ganglion cells do?

A

Send messages to the brain and form the optic nerve

42
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

Axons of ganglion cells

43
Q

Where is the blind spot in the eye located?

A

Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye

44
Q

What is the Fovea’s role in vision?

A

Allows for acute and detailed vision

45
Q

How are receptors arranged in the Fovea?

A

Each receptor connects to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell

46
Q

What difference exists between the fovea and peripheral retina in terms of receptor convergence?

A

Greater receptor convergence in the periphery

47
Q

Why is peripheral vision less detailed?

A

Due to the convergence of multiple receptors onto single bipolar and ganglion cells

48
Q

What advantages do rods offer in peripheral vision?

A

Greater sensitivity to faint light, crucial for night vision

49
Q

How many rods and cones does the human retina contain?

A

Approximately 120 million rods and 6 million cones

50
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is more numerous?

A

Rods

51
Q

How do rods and cones contribute to brain input?

A

Cones provide about 90 percent of the brain’s input despite being outnumbered

52
Q

Describe the distribution of the three types of cones.

A

Uneven, with long- and medium-wavelength cones being more abundant than short-wavelength cones

53
Q

What is the trichromatic theory of color vision? What does it believe?

A

Color perception is based on rates of response by three kinds of cones

54
Q

How does light intensity affect color perception according to the trichromatic theory?

A

Increases brightness without changing the color perception ratio

55
Q

What visual processing occurs in the brain after the optic nerve receives messages?

A

Information travels via the optic nerve to the brain for processing

56
Q

What happens at the optic chiasm?

A

Information from the left visual field goes to the right hemisphere and vice versa

57
Q

Where does information from the lateral geniculate nucleus go?

A

To the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

58
Q

What is the significance of the primary visual cortex?

A

Crucial for processing visual information

59
Q

How do the three types of cones differ in their response to wavelengths?

A

Each type responds more strongly to certain wavelengths, enabling color vision

60
Q

Which types of cones are most abundant?

A

Long- and medium-wavelength cones

61
Q

Define the concept of negative color afterimages.

A

Visual illusions that occur due to the retina’s response to prolonged exposure to a color

62
Q

Explain the role of the temporal cortex in the ventral stream.

A

Specialized for identifying and recognizing objects

63
Q

Detail the pathway and importance of the parietal cortex in the dorsal stream.

A

Important for visually guided movements, processing visual information in the parietal cortex

64
Q

Discuss how damage to the pattern pathway affects object recognition.

A

Leads to visual agnosia, an inability to recognize objects

65
Q

What does the preference for right-side-up faces in newborns indicate?

A

Innate capability for face recognition

66
Q

How does facial recognition develop from infancy through adolescence?

A

Gradually improves, indicating a developmental aspect to facial recognition

67
Q

Why are super-recognizers exceptional at face recognition?

A

Due to enhanced neural connections between fusiform gyrus and occipital cortex

68
Q

What input do MT and MST rely on for motion detection?

A

Input from the magnocellular path

69
Q

How do magnocellular neurons contribute to vision?

A

By responding to movement and patterns, crucial for detecting motion

70
Q

Describe the challenges faced by individuals with motion blindness.

A

Difficulty determining direction, speed, and movement of objects

71
Q

How does the brain process color, direction, and other visual information?

A

Through specialized neural pathways and processing centers

72
Q

What does the existence of a blind spot reveal about visual perception?

A

The brain compensates for missing information, ensuring a continuous visual field

73
Q

Why is the fovea critical for detailed vision?

A

Due to its high concentration of cones and direct connection to the brain

74
Q

How do rods and cones differ in their function and distribution?

A

Rods are for low-light conditions; cones for color and detailed vision

75
Q

What role do bipolar and ganglion cells play in visual processing?

A

Transmit visual information from the retina to the brain

76
Q

How does visual information travel from the eye to the brain?

A

Via the optic nerve, formed by ganglion cell axons

77
Q

What are the implications of the optic chiasm for visual processing?

A

Ensures visual information is processed in the corresponding hemisphere

78
Q

How does the visual system compensate for the blind spot?

A

The brain fills in the missing information based on surrounding details

79
Q

Why is peripheral vision more sensitive to faint light than detailed vision?

A

Due to the higher concentration of rods in the periphery

80
Q

Explain how the law of specific nerve energies applies to vision.

A

Specific types of neurons convey specific types of sensory information, such as light or color

Bio Psych test 2 (3 decks)

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