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Bio Psych test 2 > Copy of Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 > Flashcards

Copy of Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three most important considerations in maintaining good health?

A

Good nutrition, stress management, and sleep.

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2
Q

How does sleep affect circadian risk?

A

Affects shift workers, doctors, and those traveling across time zones, leading to disrupted circadian rhythms.

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3
Q

What are the implications of societal bias regarding sleepiness?

A

Sleepiness is often wrongly equated with laziness.

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4
Q

What does consciousness denote?

A

The subjective awareness of internal and external events.

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5
Q

How can states of consciousness be divided?

A

Into conscious versus not being conscious and normal versus altered states, including dreaming.

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6
Q

How is sleep characterized in terms of brain activity and response to stimuli?

A

A natural state of rest characterized by decreased brain activity and reduced response to stimuli.

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7
Q

How does sleep differ from coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, minimally conscious state, and brain death?

A

Unlike states of coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, minimally conscious state, and brain death.

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8
Q

Can you “cheat” on the amount of sleep you get?

A

No, sleep needs cannot be effectively “cheated” on.

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9
Q

Are there effective ways to stay awake when driving?

A

These methods are not effective in truly combating sleepiness.

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10
Q

Does daytime sleepiness always indicate insufficient sleep?

A

Not necessarily; other factors can contribute to daytime sleepiness.

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11
Q

How is sleep related to health problems like high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases?

A

Sleep deprivation is linked to various health issues, including cardiovascular diseases and insulin resistance.

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12
Q

Does the need for sleep change with age?

A

The need for quality sleep does not decrease with age.

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13
Q

Does the brain rest during sleep?

A

During sleep, the brain remains active.

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14
Q

What is linked to Alzheimer’s disease in the context of sleep deprivation?

A

Amyloid proteins, linked to Alzheimer’s, accumulate with sleep deprivation.

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15
Q

How does sleep deprivation affect the reproductive and immune systems?

A

Affects the immune system and can reduce testosterone levels.

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16
Q

What are the cardiovascular risks associated with losing an hour of sleep?

A

Increased risk of heart attack and cardiovascular issues with sleep loss.

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17
Q

How does wakefulness after 16 hours compare to being drunk in terms of mental capacity?

A

Similar to the impairment of being intoxicated.

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18
Q

Describe the concept of biorhythms.

A

Biological functions exhibit natural rhythms, such as circadian and circannual rhythms.

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19
Q

What are circadian rhythms and what do they regulate?

A

Regulate daily functions like body temperature, heart rate, and sleep patterns.

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20
Q

What are circannual rhythms and what behaviors do they influence?

A

Influence behaviors such as hibernation and mating, linked to the light/dark cycle and seasons.

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21
Q

What mechanisms produce endogenous circadian rhythms?

A

Generated internally, these rhythms regulate various physiological and behavioral patterns.

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22
Q

How does sleep contribute to energy conservation?

A

Sleep is energy-efficient, aligning with periods of low activity.

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23
Q

What decreases during sleep as a form of energy conservation?

A

Body temperature and heart rate decrease to conserve energy.

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24
Q

What is a biological clock in the context of circadian rhythms?

A

Controls daily physiological and behavioral rhythms, influencing sleep and feeding patterns.

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25
Q

What are Zeitgebers and their role in circadian rhythms?

A

External cues like light reset the circadian rhythm, helping synchronize internal clocks with the environment.

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26
Q

Describe the differences between larks and owls in terms of sleep patterns.

A

Larks function better in the morning, owls at night.

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27
Q

How does working at night affect the circadian rhythm?

A

Night work struggles to alter the intrinsic circadian rhythm, affecting sleep quality.

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28
Q

Where is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) located and what is its role?

A

The main control center for circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature, located in the hypothalamus.

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29
Q

How does light reset the SCN?

A

Through the retinohypothalamic path, using melanopsin in ganglion cells.

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30
Q

What pathway is involved in resetting the SCN, and what type of cells does it involve?

A

From special ganglion cells to the SCN, responding directly to light.

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31
Q

How did studies on victims of encephalitis lethargica contribute to our understanding of sleep?

A

Showed differences in sleep difficulties linked to specific brain regions.

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32
Q

What is the role of the reticular system in sleep?

A

Arousing sleeping cats by stimulating the reticular formation.

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33
Q

How does the SCN regulate the pineal gland?

A

By controlling the release of melatonin, affecting sleepiness.

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34
Q

When does melatonin secretion usually begin relative to bedtime?

A

Begins 2 to 3 hours before bedtime, aiding the sleep process.

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35
Q

How does melatonin reset the biological clock?

A

Affects receptors in the SCN, influencing circadian rhythms.

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36
Q

How does coffee and working out affect sleep in terms of neurochemicals?

A

Influence sleep by altering neurotransmitter levels.

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37
Q

What neurotransmitter is important for sleep and inhibits brain activity?

A

GABA decreases temperature, metabolic rate, and neuron stimulation.

38
Q

What is orexin, and how is it related to wakefulness?

A

A neurotransmitter needed for wakefulness, affected in disorders like narcolepsy.

39
Q

How much sleep do newborns, college students, and most people need?

A

Varies by age, with newborns needing up to 16 hours and adults 7-9 hours.

40
Q

What did the EEG reveal about the stages of sleep?

A

Revealed different stages through brain activity patterns.

41
Q

Describe the characteristics and significance of alpha waves.

A

Indicate a relaxed state, present before sleep onset.

42
Q

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

A

Marked by irregular, low-voltage waves, signaling the start of sleep.

43
Q

What are sleep spindles and K-complexes, and in which sleep stage do they appear?

A

Occur in stage 2, associated with memory consolidation.

44
Q

What defines slow-wave sleep (SWS)?

A

Deep sleep with slow, large amplitude waves, important for restorative processes.

45
Q

Describe paradoxical or REM sleep and its characteristics.

A

Deep sleep with fast, irregular waves, and muscle atonia; associated with dreaming.

46
Q

What is REM rebound?

A

More REM sleep is sought after deprivation, indicating its importance.

47
Q

List some functions of sleep.

A

Includes muscle rest, metabolism decrease, cellular maintenance, synapse reorganization, and memory strengthening.

48
Q

How does sleep contribute to energy conservation?

A

By reducing body temperature and muscle activity.

49
Q

How do species differences affect sleep patterns, particularly in aquatic mammals and birds?

A

Sleep patterns vary based on ecological niches, with some animals able to sleep with half their brain.

50
Q

What is insomnia and its causes?

A

Affects duration and quality due to factors like noise, stress, diet, and underlying conditions.

51
Q

Describe sleep apnea and its consequences.

A

A breathing disruption during sleep, leading to daytime sleepiness and potential heart problems.

52
Q

What characterizes narcolepsy and its symptoms?

A

Characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.

53
Q

How is narcolepsy diagnosed and treated?

A

Narcolepsy is linked to low orexin levels and treated with stimulant drugs.

54
Q

How does sleep affect memory and synaptic activity?

A

Sleep processes daily experiences, strengthening or weakening synapses for memory storage.

55
Q

What are some hypothetical functions of REM sleep?

A

The role of REM in brain function is not fully understood but is linked to memory and learning.

56
Q

What is the traditional view of dreams according to Freud?

A

Dreams may fulfill unconscious desires, according to Freud.

57
Q

Explain Freud’s model of dreams, including the concepts of manifest and latent content.

A

Dreams connect to our unconscious, potentially revealing hidden desires.

58
Q

What is the Activation-Synthesis hypothesis of dreaming?

A

Suggests dreams result from the brain’s attempt to interpret random neural activity.

59
Q

How does the Neurocognitive Theory view dreams?

A

Considers dreams as problem-solving and coping mechanisms.

60
Q

How do environmental threats influence dreaming according to the Neurocognitive Theory?

A

Dreams might simulate threats to prepare individuals for real-life challenges.

61
Q

What does the presence of beta waves indicate about brain activity?

A

Associated with full wakefulness and active cognitive engagement.

62
Q

What brain activity is associated with alpha waves?

A

Alpha waves signal relaxation and are seen in light meditation or before sleep.

63
Q

Describe the breathing technique 4-7-8 and its relation to brain waves.

A

A breathing technique that can induce relaxation and lead to alpha wave dominance.

64
Q

What are theta waves, and what do they signify about the state of relaxation or sleep?

A

Theta waves indicate light sleep or deep meditation, associated with creativity and subconscious thought.

65
Q

How does the body and brain’s response to working night shifts affect sleep quality and circadian rhythms?

A

Circadian rhythm disruption persists, with optimal adjustment involving dark sleep environments by day and bright work environments by night.

66
Q

Discuss the transplant experiment involving the SCN in hamsters and its implications for understanding circadian rhythms.

A

Demonstrates the SCN’s central role in generating circadian rhythms.

67
Q

What stages of sleep are characterized by theta waves and sleep spindles?

A

Characterized by specific brain wave patterns, important for memory and learning.

68
Q

What hormonal changes occur during sleep, particularly regarding growth hormones and insulin resistance?

A

Sleep affects growth hormone secretion, cardiovascular health, and metabolism.

69
Q

Discuss the impact of sleep on learning and memory consolidation.

A

Sleep supports brain function, including learning, memory consolidation, and synaptic efficiency.

70
Q

How do sleep patterns and needs evolve from infancy to adulthood?

A

Sleep needs and patterns evolve, with consistent quality necessary across all ages.

71
Q

What role does melatonin play in regulating sleep-wake cycles?

A

Regulates sleep-wake cycles, influenced by light exposure.

72
Q

How does the body’s temperature regulation change during sleep?

A

Sleep promotes thermoregulation, energy conservation, and metabolic efficiency.

73
Q

What are the consequences of sleep deprivation on cognitive function and physical health?

A

Impacts include cognitive decline, mood disorders, and physical health deterioration.

74
Q

How do light exposure and Zeitgebers affect the synchronization of the body’s internal clock?

A

Ensures internal clocks align with external day-night cycles, enhancing physiological synchrony.

75
Q

What adaptations have animals evolved to accommodate their sleep needs based on their ecological niches?

A

Adaptations optimize sleep for survival, influenced by predatory or environmental pressures.

76
Q

How does sleep facilitate cellular maintenance and repair?

A

Enables cellular repair, synaptic maintenance, and energy conservation.

77
Q

In what ways does REM sleep contribute to brain function and health?

A

Facilitates brain health, possibly affecting learning, emotional regulation, and memory.

78
Q

Discuss the relationship between sleep disorders and mental health conditions like depression and anxiety.

A

Sleep disorders can exacerbate or reflect underlying psychological stress or mental health issues.

79
Q

How can lifestyle choices and environmental factors contribute to or alleviate sleep disorders?

A

Environmental adjustments, lifestyle changes, and understanding circadian influences can improve sleep health.

80
Q

What are the cognitive and physical effects of chronic sleep deprivation?

A

Chronic deprivation affects mental clarity, emotional stability, and physical well-being.

81
Q

How does the brain process and integrate new information during sleep?

A

Sleep plays a crucial role in information integration, memory consolidation, and learning.

82
Q

What are the physiological and psychological benefits of maintaining consistent sleep patterns?

A

Regular sleep patterns support cognitive function, emotional well-being, and physical health.

83
Q

Discuss the role of sleep in emotional regulation and stress management.

A

Sleep helps manage stress and emotional responses, contributing to overall resilience.

84
Q

How do cultural attitudes towards sleep influence sleep habits and health outcomes?

A

Societal perceptions can influence sleep habits, potentially leading to health disparities.

85
Q

What strategies can be employed to improve sleep quality in individuals with irregular schedules?

A

Strategic sleep hygiene practices can mitigate the effects of shift work or irregular schedules.

86
Q

How do sleep needs and patterns change across the lifespan, and what factors contribute to these changes?

A

Age-related changes in sleep architecture and requirements reflect developmental and physiological shifts.

87
Q

What research methods are used to study sleep and its effects on health and behavior?

A

Techniques include polysomnography, EEG analysis, and observational studies.

88
Q

Discuss the interplay between sleep, diet, and exercise in promoting overall well-being.

A

A holistic approach to well-being incorporates sleep, nutrition, and physical activity.

89
Q

How do sleep and wakefulness interact with the body’s homeostatic mechanisms?

A

Sleep interacts with homeostatic processes to maintain balance and adapt to daily demands.

90
Q

What future directions do you see for research in sleep science and its applications in healthcare?

A

Emerging research may explore sleep’s role in disease prevention, mental health, and neuroplasticity.

Bio Psych test 2 (3 decks)

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