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Bio Psych test 2 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a brain tumor?

A

clump of abnormal
tissue that can be found anywhere in
the brain

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2
Q

What are the 2 kinds of tumors?

A
  • Benign tumors
  • Malignant tumors: or cancer
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3
Q

herniation

A

displaced tissue

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4
Q

What does necrosis mean?

A

cell death

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5
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

continual bleeding

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6
Q

What is closed head injury

A

A closed head injury refers to a sharp blow to the head that
does not puncture the brain

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7
Q

After a severe injuiry recovery can be

A

slow and incomplete.

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8
Q

stroke or cerebrovascular accident

A
  • temporary loss of blood flow to the brain.
  • Common cause of brain damage in the elderly
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9
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A

results from damage to brain tissue caused by an external force.

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10
Q

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)

A
  • results from damage to the brain caused by strokes, tumors, anoxia, hypoxia, toxins, degenerative diseases.
  • or other conditions not necessarily caused by an external force.
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11
Q

Define TBI

A
  • There is no universally agreed definition of TBI.
  • Most frequent indicators of severity are depth/duration of coma and/ or the presence of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA).
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A
  • Become the standard and most widely used assessment of altered consciousness.
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14
Q

What do the diffrent scores on the glasgow scale represent?

A

13-15 mild

9-12 moderate

anything below 8 is considered severe

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15
Q

Closed head injury

A
  • refers to brain injury without any penetrating injury to the brain.
  • If the head is resting on impact, the maximum damage will be found at
    the impact site.
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16
Q

Open (Penetrating) head

A

injury occurs when the skull is fractured, and bone fragments may be driven into the brain.

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16
Q

contrecoup injury

A
  • where the brain damage occurs on the side opposite the point of impact, as a result of the brain slamming into that side of the skull.
  • You cant get the coup without the contre
  • slamming head on dash and brain moves back
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16
Q

Types of primary damage

A
  • Epidural hematoma
  • Subdural hematoma
  • Intracerebral hemorrhage
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16
Q

Which kind of bleeding is the most severe

A

bleeding in brain tissue itself. This is the most severe.

  • possible is there was enough impact
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16
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

pool of blood clotting between scull and dura mater

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16
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

bleeding between dura and arachnoid

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17
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage:

A

bleeding in brain tissue itself. This is the most severe.

  • possible if there was enough impact
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18
Q

Acute Subdural Haematoma

A

herniation: midline shift, pushed over

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19
Q

Types of Primary Damage

A
  • axon gets twisted
  • axon torn
  • Axon broken
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20
Q

Brain Distortion and Herniation

A

distortion caused by expanding masses or rising pressure in the brain.

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21
Q

Edema

A

Brain swelling

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22
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • Build up of spinal fluid in brain
  • When there is a problem with reabsorbtion
  • CSF builds up in brain
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23
Q

What do ventricles contain

A

Spinal fluid

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24
Q

What does the spinal fluid do?

A

circulates from the ventricles up over the surface of the brain

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25
Q

What happens if blood gets into the fluid?

A

If blood gets
into the fluid and blocks spinal fluid absorption, spinal fluid will “back up”
into the ventricles and enlarge them. Some one got a big head

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26
Q

Biochemical Changes

A
  • Refers to receptor dysfunction, free radical effects, calcium-mediated damage, and inflammatory events.
  • under production or over production
  • can lead to cell death
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27
Q

Types of Strokes

A
  • Ischemia:
  • Hemorrhage
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28
Q

Ischemia:

A
  • the most common type of stroke, resulting from a blood clot or obstruction of an artery
  • Neurons lose their oxygen and glucose supply.
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29
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • a less frequent type of stroke resulting from a ruptured artery
  • Neurons are flooded with excess blood, calcium, oxygen, and other
    chemicals.
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30
Q

Effects of Strokes

A
  • Edema: the accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain and increasing the probability of further strokes
  • Disruption of the sodium–potassium pump leading to the accumulation of potassium ions inside neurons
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31
Q

What can Edema and excess potassium cause

A

the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.

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32
Q

What does the over stimulations of neurons lead to?

A

The overstimulation of neurons leads to potassium and other ions entering the neuron in excessive amounts.

33
Q

What will excess postive neurons do?

A

Excess positive ions in the neuron block metabolism in the mitochondria and kill the neuron.

34
Q

Mechanisms of Recovery

A
  • Plasticity
  • Diaschisis
35
Q

Plasticity

A
  • ability to change; Neuro refers to neurons.
  • So, neuroplasticity allows nerve cells to change or adjust.
  • Following brain damage, surviving brain areas increase or reorganize
    their activity.
36
Q

Diaschisis:

A
  • decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to
    other neurons
  • Because activity in one area stimulates other areas, damage to
    the brain disrupts patterns of normal stimulation.
37
Q

Can Axons Regrow

A
  • Damaged axons do not readily regenerate in a mature mammalian brain or spinal cord.
  • Scar tissue makes a mechanical barrier to axon growth.
38
Q

What happens to the neurons on 2 sides of the cut

A

they pull apart.

39
Q

What do Glia cells do when there is CNS damage

A
  • Glia cells that react to CNS damage release chemicals that inhibit axon growth.
40
Q

What is Axon Sprouting?

A

Collateral sprouts are new branches formed by other non-damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors.

41
Q

Can Any axon sprout?

A
  • only healthy axons sprout to help out injuired
  • Cells that have lost their source of innervation release neurotrophins that induce axons to form collateral sprouts.
42
Q

What happens several months after axons sprouts?

A

Over several months, the sprouts fill in most vacated synapses
and can be useful, neutral, or harmful.

43
Q

Denervation Supersensitivity

A

The heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon

44
Q

what do post synaptic cells develop

A

Postsynaptic cells deprived of synaptic inputs develop increased sensitivity to the neurotransmitter to compensate for decreased input.

45
Q

Limitations of Brain Plasticity

A
  • The brain is not infinitely
    malleable.
  • Certain areas of the
    brain are largely responsible for
    certain actions
    -
46
Q

What happens if key areas are damaged in the brain

A

damage to key areas of the brain can
result in deficits in those areas
because, while some recovery
may be possible, other areas of
the brain simply cannot fully
take over those functions that
were affected by the damage.

47
Q

Why is neuroplasticity important?

A
  • Without neuroplasticity, it would be difficult to learn or otherwise improve brain function. = Neuroplasticity
  • also aids in recovery from brain-based injuries and illness
48
Q

Parts for movement

A
  • motor
  • parietal
49
Q

What hapens if you injure your spinal cord

A

depending on where you get injuired in spinal cord depends on what organs you’ll be able to move

50
Q

Paralysis

A
  • loss of voluntary movement in part of the body

Damage to motor neurons or their axons in the spinal cord

51
Q

Paraplegia

A

Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in the legs (Genital stimulation can produce orgasm, despite the lack of conscious sensation.)

52
Q

Quadriplegia (or tetraplegia)

A
  • Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in both arms and legs. Cut through the spinal cord in the cervical (neck) region.
53
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control
in the arm and leg of either the right or left side

Cut halfway through the spinal cord

54
Q

Where do messages from the brain reach

A

Messages from the brain must reach the medulla and spinal cord to control the
muscles.

55
Q

Corticospinal tracts

A

are paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

56
Q

What are the two Corticospinal tracts

A
  • Lateral corticospinal tract
  • Medial corticospinal tract
57
Q

What is the Medial corticospinal tract

A

Extends from cerebral cortex, midbrain and medulla

58
Q

What is the Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Extends from the primary motor cortex, and the
red nucleus

59
Q

What does the Primary Motor Cortex control

A
  • Multiple motor systems control body movements
    • Walking, talking, postural, arm and finger movements
60
Q

Where is the Primary motor cortex located?

A

on the precentral gyrus

61
Q

Motor cortex is______

A

is somatotopically organized (motor homunculus)

62
Q

Motor cortex receives input from

A
  • Premotor cortex
  • Supplemental motor area
  • Frontal association cortex
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
63
Q

What does planning of movements involve?

A

Planning of movements involves the premotor cortex and the supplemental motor area which influence the primary motor
cortex.

64
Q

Which part of the brain excutes motor plans

A

primary motor cortex

65
Q

Which part of the brain is reponsible for planning and selecting movements? This part is also respoonsible for postural information and procession visual…

A

Premotor Cortices

66
Q

What does the Supplementary Motor Area do?

A

provides a plan that specifies the sequence needed to execute a movement.

67
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

takes in sensory information and forms a conscious map of the body and its relationship with its surroundings.

68
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A
  • associated with balance and coordination
69
Q

Which part of the brain has the most neurons

A

cerebellum has more parts than all the other brain areas combined

70
Q

What happens if cerebellum is damaged?

A

Damage to the cerebellum causes trouble with rapid movements requiring aim/timing.

71
Q

What does the cerebellum look like?

A

broccoli

72
Q

Symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble

A

alcohol intoxication: clumsiness, slurred speech, and inaccurate eye movements.

73
Q

Why is it good to establish new motor programs

A

Important for the establishment of new motor programs that allow the execution of a sequence of actions as a whole, for example, tasks that require timing

  • Also critical for certain aspects of attention, such as the ability to shift attention and attend to visual stimuli
74
Q

What are Mirror neurons responsible for?

A
  • for thinking and carrying out the action
  • responsible for imitating other people
75
Q

Who lack Mirror neurons

A

people with autisim lack mirror cells

76
Q

What does the The Basal Ganglia do?

A
  • Globus pallidus connects to the thalamus, which relays information to the motor areas and the prefrontal cortex.
  • Basal ganglia select a movement to make by ceasing to inhibit it.
77
Q

What is Bsal ganglia particularly important for?

A

The basal ganglia are particularly important for spontaneous, self-initiated behaviors.

78
Q

What part of the brain helps us learn new habits

A

Basal Ganglia

79
Q

What is parkinsons disease

A

A movement disorder characterized by muscle tremors, rigidity, slow movements, and difficulty initiating physical and mental activity

80
Q

What do parkisons patients experience?

A

Many, but not all, Parkinson’s patients may experience depression, and many have problems with attention, language, or memory.

81
Q

What happens in the the brain of parkinsons patients?

A

Loss of dopamine leads to less stimulation of the motor cortex and slower onset of movements.

82
Q

Which part of the brain sends dopamine-releasing axons?

A

Substantia nigra usually sends dopamine-releasing axons to the caudate nucleus and putamen.

83
Q

What is ryhmtmic tremmor?

A

often occurs at first in one hand,
where it resembles the motion of rolling a pill between the thumb and forefinger

84
Q

What does Leaning forward or backward when upright demonstrait?

A

reflects impairment of balance and coordination

85
Q

What is Muscle rigidity ?

A

shows itself in the cogwheel phenomenon: pushing on an arm causes it to move in jerky increments

86
Q

What is dificulty rising?

A

When rising from a sitting position is a common sign of disordered control over movement. Some patients report feelings of weakness and of being

Bio Psych test 2 (3 decks)

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