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APBI QUIZ 1 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

regions of the gene that are coded

A

Exons

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2
Q

Non coding regions of the gene

A

introns

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3
Q

alternate form of a gene

spelling

A

Allele

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4
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Property of causing disease

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5
Q

Genes that are absolutly required to cause disease. aka the genes that make an organism a pathogen

spelling

A

Pathogenicity genes

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6
Q

Genes that are associated with degree of virulence/agressivness on host. eg genes that help pathogens to spread faster, more capable of causing disease

spelling

A

Virulence genes/virulence factors

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7
Q

what happens when there is a disruption of pathogenicity genes

A

complete loss of disease/significant reduction in disease in plants

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8
Q

How is the variability in sexually reproducing organisms

A

all progeny (decendents) are variable

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9
Q

How is the variability in asexually reproducing pathogens

A

reduced degree/intensity and frequenct of variability among decendents. But the quantity is great meaning a low frequency of variablity could still be quite significant

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10
Q

What causes variability in plant pathogens

12 kinds & spelling

A
  1. Mutation
  2. sexual recombination
  3. Gene & genotype flow
  4. genetic drift
  5. selection
  6. life cycle
  7. pathogen fitness
  8. heterokaryosis
  9. parasexuality
  10. vegetative incompatibility
  11. heteroploidy
  12. sexual-like processes in bacteria (conjugation, transformation, transduction)
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11
Q

what do you call a loss of pathogen virulence in culture (spelling)

A

attenuation

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12
Q

Further classification based on what host the pathogen attacks

spelling

A
  • ” special forms” (formae speciales)
  • “Varirties”
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13
Q

Further classifications of special forms

spelling

A
  • races
  • pathotypes
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14
Q

further classifications of race & pathotypes

spelling

A
  • isolates
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15
Q

each individual spore in an isolate

spelling

A
  • biotype
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16
Q

How do plants defend themselves agasint pathogen attack

5 main ways & spelling

A
  1. non-host resistance
  2. basal defence (preformed structureal & chemical defense)
  3. induced structureal defence
  4. induced biochemical defence
  5. detoxification of plant pathogen toxins
  6. other mechanisms
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17
Q

What are the types of mutations

5 & spell them

A
  1. Signle nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
  2. structural variations (insertion/deletion)
  3. frameshift mutation
  4. excision of transposable elements (TEs)
  5. complete loss of an allele/gene (rare)
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18
Q

Mutations

A
  • sudden Heritable changes in the genetic material
  • most mutations are recessive in nature there fore diploid/dikaryotic individuals can not expressed the mutations until they are brought together in a homozygous state
19
Q

Mutation at a locus/allele that codes for an enzyme could produce a different allele that produces different enzyme

spelling

A

allozyme

20
Q

Gene flow vs genotype flow

A

Gene flow:
- certain alleles (genes) move from one geographically separated population to another.
- lower in soil-borne fungi & nematodes
- Population 1 x popluation 2 -> making new population 3

Genotype flow:
- completel genotypes move into a new population. a feature of clonally/asxually reproducing pathogens
- Population 1 moving into population 2

21
Q

increased population size & higher genetic diversity

A

Gene flow

22
Q

lower genetic diversity but may increase diversity among populations

A

selection

23
Q

Genotype flow example (like the name of the pathogen)

A
  • rust
  • mildew
24
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • random fluctuations in frequency of alleles in a population due to random sampling (in smaller populations)
25
Q

What are the life cycles

3

A
  1. reproduction
  2. mating system
  3. outcrossing
26
Q

Genotype diversity is higher than gene diversity

A

Asexual life cycle

27
Q

gene/allelic diversity is higher than genotype diversity

A

both sexually and asexually

28
Q

Pathogens that have greater diversity and produce more new genotypes have?

A

different mating systems and outcross

29
Q

The ability for pathogen to reproduce and survive

A

pathogen fitness

30
Q

How to quantify pathogen fitness

4 types, spelling

A
  • Latent period (short / long)
  • amount of disease/severity caused over space and time (agressivness)
  • rate of spore production
  • colony size
31
Q

what happens when a population has lots of allelic/genetic load?

A

pathogen fitness selection favours individuals free of ‘excessive genetic load

32
Q

what happens during pathogen survival and what is this called

A
  • a change from avirulence to virulence
  • “fitness penalty”
  • fitness reduction will show up on both resistant and susceptible variety
33
Q

what is 1-k

A

k = cost of fitness
fitness reduction of pathogen on susceptible varitey = 1-k

34
Q

whats it called when hyphae of two different nucleus type fertilize / anastomosis

spelling & example

A

heterokaryosis
- Basidiomycetes fungi

35
Q

when genetic recombination occurs within fungal heterokaryons

spelling. and what does it result in

A
  • parasexuality
  • results in fusion of two different haploid nuclei -> diploid nuclei and when the nucleus divides to revert to haploid nucleus individuals, crossover can occure and individuals formed can be very diverse
36
Q

vegetative incompatibility

A
  • hyphal anastomosis prohibition
  • type of defence mechanism that protects individuals from harmful things that could reach them from other cells
37
Q

abnormal number of chromosomes

A

heteroploidy

38
Q
A
39
Q

what are the sexual like processes in bacteria

3 main ones

A
  1. conjugation
  2. transformation
  3. transduction
40
Q

two compatible bacteria come in contact with one another and a small portion of plasmid/chrmosome is transffered to the other through what?

whats this process called and what is being used to transfer & spelling

A
  • conjugation
  • conjugation bridge/ pilus
41
Q

bacteria can undergo genetic transformation by absorbing and incorporating in their own cells genetic material relesed during rupture

A

transformation

42
Q

bacterial virus, phage, transfering genetic material from one bacterium to another.

A

transduction

43
Q

What are the other types of transduction and give example

A
  • Horizontal & lateral transduction: when genetic info is transfered across kingdoms
  • eg: agrobacterium tumefaciens
44
Q

when two different strains are inoculated on the same plant, forming two or more variants.

this can happen can also occur in what

A
  • genetic recombination in virus
  • vector insects

APBI QUIZ 1 (5 decks)

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