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APBI QUIZ 1 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

regions of the gene that are coded

A

Exons

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2
Q

Non coding regions of the gene

A

introns

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3
Q

alternate form of a gene

spelling

A

Allele

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4
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Property of causing disease

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5
Q

Genes that are absolutly required to cause disease. aka the genes that make an organism a pathogen

spelling

A

Pathogenicity genes

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6
Q

Genes that are associated with degree of virulence/agressivness on host. eg genes that help pathogens to spread faster, more capable of causing disease

spelling

A

Virulence genes/virulence factors

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7
Q

what happens when there is a disruption of pathogenicity genes

A

complete loss of disease/significant reduction in disease in plants

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8
Q

How is the variability in sexually reproducing organisms

A

all progeny (decendents) are variable

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9
Q

How is the variability in asexually reproducing pathogens

A

reduced degree/intensity and frequenct of variability among decendents. But the quantity is great meaning a low frequency of variablity could still be quite significant

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10
Q

What causes variability in plant pathogens

12 kinds & spelling

A
  1. Mutation
  2. sexual recombination
  3. Gene & genotype flow
  4. genetic drift
  5. selection
  6. life cycle
  7. pathogen fitness
  8. heterokaryosis
  9. parasexuality
  10. vegetative incompatibility
  11. heteroploidy
  12. sexual-like processes in bacteria (conjugation, transformation, transduction)
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11
Q

what do you call a loss of pathogen virulence in culture (spelling)

A

attenuation

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12
Q

Further classification based on what host the pathogen attacks

spelling

A
  • ” special forms” (formae speciales)
  • “Varirties”
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13
Q

Further classifications of special forms

spelling

A
  • races
  • pathotypes
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14
Q

further classifications of race & pathotypes

spelling

A
  • isolates
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15
Q

each individual spore in an isolate

spelling

A
  • biotype
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16
Q

How do plants defend themselves agasint pathogen attack

5 main ways & spelling

A
  1. non-host resistance
  2. basal defence (preformed structureal & chemical defense)
  3. induced structureal defence
  4. induced biochemical defence
  5. detoxification of plant pathogen toxins
  6. other mechanisms
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17
Q

What are the types of mutations

5 & spell them

A
  1. Signle nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
  2. structural variations (insertion/deletion)
  3. frameshift mutation
  4. excision of transposable elements (TEs)
  5. complete loss of an allele/gene (rare)
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18
Q

Mutations

A
  • sudden Heritable changes in the genetic material
  • most mutations are recessive in nature there fore diploid/dikaryotic individuals can not expressed the mutations until they are brought together in a homozygous state
19
Q

Mutation at a locus/allele that codes for an enzyme could produce a different allele that produces different enzyme

spelling

20
Q

Gene flow vs genotype flow

A

Gene flow:
- certain alleles (genes) move from one geographically separated population to another.
- lower in soil-borne fungi & nematodes
- Population 1 x popluation 2 -> making new population 3

Genotype flow:
- completel genotypes move into a new population. a feature of clonally/asxually reproducing pathogens
- Population 1 moving into population 2

21
Q

increased population size & higher genetic diversity

22
Q

lower genetic diversity but may increase diversity among populations

23
Q

Genotype flow example (like the name of the pathogen)

A
  • rust
  • mildew
24
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • random fluctuations in frequency of alleles in a population due to random sampling (in smaller populations)
25
What are the life cycles | 3
1. reproduction 2. mating system 3. outcrossing
26
Genotype diversity is higher than gene diversity
Asexual life cycle
27
gene/allelic diversity is higher than genotype diversity
both sexually and asexually
28
Pathogens that have greater diversity and produce more new genotypes have?
different mating systems and outcross
29
The ability for pathogen to reproduce and survive
pathogen fitness
30
How to quantify pathogen fitness | 4 types, spelling
- Latent period (short / long) - amount of disease/severity caused over space and time (agressivness) - rate of spore production - colony size
31
what happens when a population has lots of allelic/genetic load?
pathogen fitness selection favours individuals free of '**excessive genetic load**
32
what happens during pathogen survival and what is this called
- a change from avirulence to virulence - "fitness penalty" - fitness reduction will show up on both resistant and susceptible variety
33
what is 1-k
k = cost of fitness fitness reduction of pathogen on susceptible varitey = 1-k
34
whats it called when hyphae of two different nucleus type fertilize / anastomosis | spelling & example
heterokaryosis - Basidiomycetes fungi
35
when genetic recombination occurs within fungal heterokaryons | spelling. and what does it result in
- parasexuality - results in fusion of two different haploid nuclei -> diploid nuclei and when the nucleus divides to revert to haploid nucleus individuals, crossover can occure and individuals formed can be very diverse
36
vegetative incompatibility
- hyphal anastomosis prohibition - type of defence mechanism that protects individuals from harmful things that could reach them from other cells
37
abnormal number of chromosomes
heteroploidy
38
39
what are the sexual like processes in bacteria | 3 main ones
1. conjugation 2. transformation 3. transduction
40
two compatible bacteria come in contact with one another and a small portion of plasmid/chrmosome is transffered to the other through what? | whats this process called and what is being used to transfer & spelling
- conjugation - conjugation bridge/ pilus
41
bacteria can undergo genetic transformation by absorbing and incorporating in their own cells genetic material relesed during rupture
transformation
42
bacterial virus, phage, transfering genetic material from one bacterium to another.
transduction
43
What are the other types of transduction and give example
- Horizontal & lateral transduction: when genetic info is transfered across kingdoms - eg: agrobacterium tumefaciens
44
when two different strains are inoculated on the same plant, forming two or more variants. this can happen can also occur in what
- genetic recombination in virus - vector insects

APBI QUIZ 1 (5 decks)

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