Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are the levels of classification. What is placing organisms into different groups called?
7 levels
Taxomomy
- Kingdom
- phylum/division
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
What are the 6 kindoms
What cell types are in them
- Plantae : multicellular, eukaryotic
- Animalia: multicellular, eukaryotic
- Fungi : multicellular, eukaryotic
- Protista : multicellular, eukaryotic, unicellular
- Eubacteria : unicellular, prokaryotic
- archaebacteria: unicellular, prokaryotic
list the 5 phyla/lineages of fungi
+ an informal group and what makes it informal
- Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Glomeromycota
informal group: Deuteromycota
- all sharing common character of reproduction asexually
General characteristics of Fungi
- eukaryotic, mostly microscopic organisms.
- no chlorophyll
- lacks vascular system unlike
- filamentous (possessing a mycelium or hyphae.
- reproduce sexually and asexually (unlike bacteria that reproduce by fission)
- cell walls contain chitin or cellulose or both
- strictly heterotrophic (depends on
other organisms for food and energy) - Fungi or even plant pathogenic fungi are not always harmful.
What is hyphae
- mass of mycelial threads
- Hyphae grow at the tip as cell wall is rigid
- carry organelles and cell structure just like most eukaryotes
Why is the cell wall of the fungi most important
3 things
- Because it makes the first contact with the host
- its structure determins the form of the fungi
- functional &metabolic roles for getting nutrition from host plant/dead matter
How does the fungus get nutrition from polysaccharides Lignin lipids (cutin) & proteins
fungi produce a variety of enzymes to break down these polymers into smaller units or monomers which can easily pass the cell wall and cell membrane
SpitzenkÖrper
structure, consisted of very small
vesicles, found in fungal hyphae that is the center for
fungal hyphal growth and morphogenesis
structure, consisted of very small
vesicles, found in fungal hyphae that is the center for
fungal hyphal growth and morphogenesis
SpitzenkÖrper
what makes up cell wall structure
**carbohydrate polymers **
- chitin
- glucan
- cellulose
Whats chitin and what role does it play in the fungi
- a carbohydrate polymer thats part of the cell wall
- forms chitin chains -> making microfibril and microfibrils to confer strength to the fungi
what is composed in a complex fibrillar network of fungi
what proteins
polysaccharides and glycoproteins
What are fungi and plant pathodenic fungi used/important for?
- important industrial, food,
and pharmaceutical uses. (corn smut is a delicacy in Mexico, ergot is used in pharmaceutical industry to develop drugs that helps stop bleeding, Tulip Break Virus (‘tulip mania’) helped Dutch growers in Netherland in late 18th century (google and read the story yourself!), and many
more examples.
List the modes of nutrition for Fungi and the 3 classified levels
2 modes, 3 levels
Saprophytic vs parasitic
1. biotrophic
2. hemibiotrophic
3. necrotrophic
Biotrophic Fungi
how nutrition is obtained, what type of host do they look for. Examples
- obtain nutrition from living host or organism
- cannot survive on dead plant tissue.
- Mostly, biotrophs are host specialized and therefore have narrow host range.
- cannot culture biotrophs on growth media in lab.
- eg: rusts, smuts, mildews.
Hemibiotrophic Fungi
- attacks living host similar to biotrophic fungi, however, continue
to grow and develop on dead tissue. - eg: Fusarium graminearum, most
of the leaf spotting fungi.
Necrotrophic Fungi
- kills the host prior for penetration and feeding.
- not host specialized
- secretes cell wall degrading enzymes and toxins.
- can easily be cultured axenically.
- eg: Botrytis cinerea causing
grey molds on plants or plant parts.
please review general fungi structure