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APBI QUIZ 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the definition of pathogen (Hint, break the words down)

A

Pathos = suffering
Gen = living organism
Pathogen = something that makes the plants suffer ( humans can be considered pathogenic)

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2
Q

Are plant pathogens transmittable

A

Almost always

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3
Q

What is phytopathology. Full definition & simple definition

A

Full : Branch of science studying organisms (plant pathogens) and environments, factors that result in disease(s) in plants.

Simple: it is study of plant diseases or plant health.

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4
Q

What do you call the study of plant health

A

Phytopathology

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5
Q

True or false: pathologists are interested in populations of plants i.e. crop
and not an individual plant

A

True

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6
Q

Disease definition

in plants

A

condition (often caused my living organism) causing the plant to not preform at its metabolic functions normally

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7
Q

Difference between signs and symptoms

definitions

A
  • Symptom: abmornal visible changes that occur to plant upon infection by a plant pathogen
  • Signs: visible & physical entity of a plant pathogen associated with a diseaed plant
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8
Q

The following is an example of what:

leaf chlorosis due to viral infection, necrosis of leaf tissue due to blockage of water and nutrients resulting from pathogen infection in stem.

A

Symptoms

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9
Q

Symptoms

examples

A

leaf chlorosis due to viral infection, necrosis of leaf tissue due to blockage of water and nutrients resulting from pathogen infection in stem.

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10
Q

The following is an example of what:

– bacterial ooze on infected leaf, spores and mycelium of fungus on rotten fruit

A

Sgins

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11
Q

signs

examples

A

– bacterial ooze on infected leaf, spores and mycelium of fungus on rotten fruit

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12
Q

What are 2/3 most important canadian crops in Canada

& how many acers do they occupy

A
  • Wheat, ~25 mil acers
  • Barley, 7.5 mil acers
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13
Q

How many wheat and barley growers in canada? How much money generated by selling these to other country?

A
  • over 50,000
  • 7.5 billion
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14
Q

what % of wheat is lost to insect-pest and diseases?

A
  • 18% of potential wheat yield in Canada and Midwestern USA is lost to diseases and insect-pests
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15
Q

% wheat yeild loss is due to the 4 main diseases & what are they?

How much $ lost?

A
  • 10% wheat yield loss is due to just:
  • Fusarium head blight (FHB),
  • stripe rust,
  • stem rust,
  • leaf rust
  • $1 bilion
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16
Q

% barley yeild loss is due to what? How much $ ?

A
  • 5% yeild loss
  • Fusarium hwad blight (FHB)
  • leaf spotting complex
  • $75 mil
17
Q

How much $ a year per acre to spray crop with one fungicide application

A

~$20/acre/year

18
Q

What are the different plant pathogens

6 different types

A
  • Fungi & fungus-like organisms
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses & viroids (viroids consist of naked RNA strand without protein coating unlike viruses)
  • Mollicutes (Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas)
  • nematodes
  • parasitic plants.
19
Q

How did pest problems start to arise

2 reason

A

Due to monoculture and global trade

20
Q

who was the father of botany, what did he suggest

A
  • Theophrastus (370 BCE),
  • diseases may be caused by ‘creatures’ that do not come from plant itself.
21
Q

Who invented the microscope

A

Robert Hook - crude compound microscope

22
Q

who is the father of microbiology and what did he do

2 things

A
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1675)
  • Improved the microsope
  • discovered bacteria and other microorganiusms
23
Q

Who identified fungal spores

A

Micheli

24
Q

Who was Biffen, what did he work on & showed

A

-Described plant breeding for diseases resistance
worked on stripe rust disease of wheat
showed disease resistance agasint stripe rust in wheat was genetically inherited trait

25
Q

What element was used as the first pesticide/fungicide

A

Sulphur

26
Q

What is part of the science aspect of plant disease diagnosis

what is included within them

A
  • scientific techniques (microscopy, DNA sequencing of conserved gene regions, PCRbased techniques etc.)
  • tools (microscopes, magnifying glass, PCR, petri-plates, DNA sequencers
    etc.)
27
Q

who formulated Koch’s postulates

A

Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler

28
Q

what did Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler formulate

and what is it

A
  • Koch’s postulates confirms a cause-effect relationship between a microbe (pathogen) and a disease
29
Q

What are the Koch’s postulates

4 in order

A
  1. The microbe should always be associated with the suffering plant or the disease.
  2. We must be able to isolate and culture the microbe
  3. Use the cultured microbe to inoculate a healthy host,
  4. We must observe the same disease symptoms on the infected plant and be able to re-isolate the same organism.

APBI QUIZ 1 (5 decks)

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