Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Becoming human > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Australopithecines

A
  • Australopithecus anamensis 4.2-3.9mya
  • Australopithecus afarensis ~4.1-3.9/2.8mya
  • Australopithecus bahrelghazali ~3.5-3.0mya
  • Australopithecus deyiremeda 3.5-3.3mya
  • Australopithecus garhi ~2.5mya
  • Australopithecus africanus ~2.9-2.4mya
  • Australopithecus sediba ~1.95-1.78mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kenyanthropines

A
  • Kenyanthropus platyops ~3.5-3.2mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Paranthropines

A
  • Paranthropus robustus 1.8-1.4mya
  • Paranthropus boisei 2.3-1.4/2mya
  • Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.7-2.3mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Australopithecus sp. Key features

A

*Sexual dimorphism greater
than among later hominins
*Small body
Size: 29-33/45-59kg, 1.05 1.51m
Pan: 32-47/40-60kg;up to 1.2m
Small cranial capacity (400-550cm3)
But larger than Pan [Pan 275-500, av. 360cm3]
*Relatively large, prognathic faces. But less so than
Pan!
*Large back teeth with very
thick enamel but some species have some or all of: distinct premolars, reduced
canines and pronounced
incisors
*Postcrania suggest bipedalism but also some retained aboreality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Australopithecus anamensis age

A
  • ~4.5-3.9mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Australopithecus anamensis location

A

East Africa, Turkana region of Kenya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Australopithecus anamensis body size

A
  • c50kg male
  • c33kg female
  • Substantial sexual dimorphism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Australopithecus anamensis teeth

A
  • Narrower, more parallel jaws
  • Large incisors: frugivorous?
  • But thick enamel also points to seeds and nuts
  • Microwear on teeth suggests mix of grass and fruits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Australopithecus anamensis bipedalism

A
  • Tibia morphology very well adapted to bipedalism: expanded upper surface, orientation of ankle joint
  • But still some retained arboreal features: long forearms and some features of wrist bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Australopithecus afarensis age

A
  • c4-3mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Australopithecus afarensis location

A

East Africa
* Tanzania: Laetoli
* Ethiopia: Hadar, Middle Awash
* Ethiopia: Fejej, Lower Omo Valley
* Kenya: Koobi Fora, Allia Bay, South Turkwell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Australopithecus afarensis specimens

A

*One of the best-known early hominins:
large sample of different specimens

  • Lucy

The ‘first family’ AL 333
* 216 specimens, at least 17 individuals including
9 adults, 3 adolescents and 5 young children
* Mainly jaws and teeth but some humeri and
femora

Dikika baby:
* Almost entire skull and torso and most parts of
limbs
* ~3yrs old?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Australopithecus afarensis size

A
  • Male c45kg, 1.51m tall
  • Female 29kg, 1.05m tall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Australopithecus afarensis brain size

A
  • 365-500cm3, av. 410cm3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Australopithecus afarensis face

A
  • Lower face projects forward
  • Short and low forehead,
    receding chin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Australopithecus afarensis teeth

A
  • Long, narrow, parallel teeth rows
  • Chewing teeth larger than
    chimpanzee, incisors smaller
  • Thick enamel on teeth: nuts and
    grains important to diet?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Australopithecus afarensis: bipedal?

A
  • Laetoli footprints: gait very similar to modern humans
  • Barrel-shaped chest
  • Scapula positioned more cranially like chimpanzees
  • Foot very like modern humans’
  • But arboreal traits!
  • Relatively long arms (ratio similar to modern baboons)
  • Fingers long and curved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The ‘Burtele Foot’

A
  • 3.4mya, from Woranso-Mille
    in the Afar region of Ethiopia
  • i.e. same rough time period
    and region as A. afarensis
  • BUT – opposable big toe!
  • More similar to Ardipithecus
    ramidus (~4.4mya)?
  • i.e. multiple lineages around
    at the same time
  • And multiple different types of
    bipedalism (still!)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Australopithecus deyiremeda location

A
  • Burtele, Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Australopithecus deyiremeda age

A
  • 3.5-3.3mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Australopithecus bahrelghazali age

A
  • c3.6-3mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Australopithecus bahrelghazali location

A
  • Central Africa: the Bahr el ghazal
    region, Chad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Australopithecus bahrelghazali other facts

A
  • Not much known about the
    species: discoverers have not
    shared it with the community
  • Similar to A. afarensis: regional variant of same species?
  • Premolars with three roots
    (unlike afarensis)
  • Enamel thickness similar to A. afarensis: similar diet of nuts and
    grains?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Kenyanthropus platyops age

A

~3.5-3.2mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Kenyanthropus platyops location

A

East Africa: Kenya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Kenyanthropus platyops specimens

A
  • Very little material: skull, upper jaw and
    teeth known – skull is v. distorted
  • Skull size within australopithecine
    range
  • Mid-face flatter
  • One molar: unusually small, with thick
    enamel
  • Australopithecine?
  • A. afarensis?! Just distorted?
  • Definitely not a paranthropine!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Australopithecus africanus age

A
  • c3-2.4mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Australopithecus africanus location

A
  • South Africa: Taung;
    Sterkfontein; Makapansgat;
    Gladysvale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Australopithecus africanus size

A
  • Male 41kg, 1.38m tall
  • Female 30kg, 1.15m tall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Australopithecus africanus cranial capacity

A
  • 387-570cm3, av. 478cm3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Australopithecus africanus bipedal

A
  • But forelimbs relatively longer than expected
  • Curved phalanges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Australopithecus garhi age

A

C2.5mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Australopithecus garhi location

A
  • East Africa: Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Australopithecus garhi cranial capacity

A

c450cm3

35
Q

Australopithecus garhi paleoenvironmental evidence

A
  • Open lake margin habitat and open plain
36
Q

Australopithecus sediba age

A
  • C1.95-1.78mya
37
Q

Australopithecus sediba location

A
  • South Africa: Malapa
38
Q

Australopithecus sediba specimens

A
  • Minimum of 2 individuals
    represented by 135 fossil
    elements
39
Q

Australopithecus sediba bipedal

A
  • Habitually
  • But long upper limbs
40
Q

Australopithecus sediba height

A

1.27m

41
Q

Australopithecus sediba brain size

A

~420cm3

42
Q

Australopithecus sediba foot

A
  • Ankle very human-like
  • But lighter calcaneum and more robust
    medial malleolus
  • Unique form of bipedality?
  • Did multiple species evolve bipedal traits independently?!
  • Convergent evolution i.e. homoplasy
43
Q

Australopithecus sediba pelvis

A
  • Partials found, reconstructed
    Similar to australopithecines:
    *Large biacetabular diameter
    *Small sacral and coxal joints
    *Long pubic rami

but also some derived Homo-like features:
* More vertically oriented and sigmoid shaped iliac blades
* More robust iliac body
* Shortened ischia
* More superiorly oriented pubic rami

44
Q

Paranthropus sp. key features

A

Adaptations for
powerful chewing:
* Sagittal crest for
muscle attachment
* Wide cheekbones
* Front teeth
relatively small,
back teeth very
large
* Jaws very thick
and deep
* Unique dental
development and
eruption sequence

Slightly larger brain:
* ~500-525cc

  • Bipedal

Small body size:
* 32-49kg
* 1.1-1.37m

45
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus age

A
  • C2.5-2.3mya
46
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus location

A

East Africa:
* Kenya: Lake Turkana

47
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus specimens

A
  • The ‘black skull’ KNM-WT-17000
  • No postcrania!
  • Bipedality assumed as per other australopithecines/
    paranthropines
48
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus cranial capacity

A

~410cm3

49
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus face

A
  • Wide and projecting, ‘dish-shaped’
50
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus skull

A
  • Narrow and small
51
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus paleoenvironmental

A
  • From bushland to open woodland
52
Q

Paranthropus boisei age

A
  • c2.3 – 1.4mya
53
Q

Paranthropus boisei facts

A
  • One of the first finds to be dated using
    the then-new geochemical dating
    methods!
54
Q

Paranthropus boisei location

A

East Africa:
* Tanzania: Peninj
* Ethiopia: Shungura formation, Omo
region; Konso Gardula
* Kenya: Koobi Fora, Baringo region, West
Turkana
* Malawi: Malema

55
Q

Paranthropus boisei size

A
  • Male c49kg, 1.37m tall
  • Female c34kg, 1.24m tall
  • Pronounced sexual dimorphism but small canines
56
Q

Paranthropus boisei cranial capacity

A

444-588cm3

57
Q

Paranthropus boisei skull

A
  • Sagittal crest and strong muscle attachment areas
  • Narrow braincase, esp. postorbital
  • Very robust mandible
58
Q

Paranthropus boisei face

A
  • Projects less than some earlier hominins
59
Q

Paranthropus boisei teeth

A
  • Large crowns and thick enamel
  • Molars some of the largest of any hominin, worn flat
  • Diet of seeds, nuts and/or hard covered fruits
  • but … microwear studies suggest fruit?
60
Q

Paranthropus boisei bipedal

A

Bipedal but retains some arboreal adaptations

61
Q

Paranthropus boisei paleoenvironment

A
  • Occupied more open environments e.g. savannah,
    open/scrub woodland
62
Q

Paranthropus robustus age

A
  • c2-1.5mya
63
Q

Paranthropus robustus location

A

South Africa

64
Q

Paranthropus robustus size

A
  • Males: 40kg, 1.32m tall
  • Female 32kg, 1.1m tall
65
Q

Paranthropus robustus brain size

A
  • 475-625cm3
66
Q

Paranthropus robustus hand

A
  • Derived: precision thumb and refined manipulation control:
    tool use?!
  • Found with bone tools showing signs of being used for
    digging?
67
Q

Paranthropus robustus bipedal

A
  • Hip and pelvic anatomy show bipedalism
  • Arboreal adaptations reduced: shorter forelimbs?
68
Q

Paranthropus robustus paleoenvironmental

A
  • More open savannah or bush/wooded grassland?
69
Q

Folivores/herbivores

A
  • Incisors used for shearing
  • Emphasis on molars for grinding
  • Tooth relief: developed molar crests for grinding
  • Simple gut and stomach with expanded compartment
    for bacterial fermentation of cellulose in leaves; large
    volume
  • Enamel thickness varies with
    abrasiveness/toughness of foodstuffs
70
Q

Frugivore teeth/guts

A

Frugivore- an animal that feeds on fruit

  • Intermediate: depends on toughness of fruits!
    *Broad incisors
    *Low rounded molars
    *Long small intestine
71
Q

Carnivores

A
  • Larger incisors and canines
  • Molars less pronounced
  • Teeth often rounded and low
  • Gut dominated by small intestine, main area for
    absorption
72
Q

Diets: teeth microwear

A
  • Microscopic damage and abrasions on teeth: more abrasion = tougher foods
  • Folivores have long narrow scratches on incisors
  • Frugivores, especially tough fruit eaters, have more pits on tooth surfaces
73
Q

Species teeth

A

A. anamensis
* Large incisors, but thick enamel
* Microwear on teeth suggests mix of grass and fruits

A. afarensis
* Chewing teeth larger than chimpanzee, incisors smaller, thick enamel
* Microwear: mix of narrow scratches and pitting

A. bahrelghazali
* Enamel thickness similar to A. afarensis

A. africanus
* Larger chewing teeth than

A. afarensis
* Less pitting than Paranthropus robustus, more, longer scratches on teeth

A. sediba
* Microwear suggests tough foods
* Plant fossils in tooth plaque showed varied diet: leaves, fruits, bark, sedges, grasses but
no savannah grasses

Kenyanthropus platyops
* One molar: unusually small, with thick enamel

P. robustus
* thick tooth enamel
* More pitting and less scratching than A. africanus

P. boisei
* Molars some of the largest of any hominin, worn flat
* but … microwear studies suggest fruit?

74
Q

Species palaeoenvironmental evidence

A

A. anamensis
* Variety of habitats including riverine
woodlands and gallery forests

A. afarensis
* Laetoli was open savannah
* Hadar was forest margin/open
woodland
* Ecologically diverse species adapted
to different ecological niches/zones?

A. garhi
* Open lake margin habitat and open
plain

P. aethiopicus
* From bushland to open woodland

P. boisei
* Occupied more open environments
e.g. savannah, open/scrub
woodland
* Lake margins

P. robustus
* More open savannah or
bush/wooded grassland

75
Q

C3 plants

A
  • ~95% of plants are C3 plants e.g. trees,
    shrubs
  • Lower in 13C (carbon istope 13; remember
    isotopes are forms of an element with different
    numbers of neutrons)
  • Low 13C in fossils = fewer grasses, sedges
    etc. in diet, more closed environments?
  • Or animals whose diet is high in these
    foodstuffs!
76
Q

C4 plants

A
  • More water efficient
  • C4 plants live in hot habitats e.g. tropical
    grasses, sedges
  • Higher in 13C
  • High 13C in fossils = more grasses, sedges
    etc. in diet, life in more open environments?
  • Or animals whose diet is high in these
    foodstuffs!
77
Q

Diet teeth- incisor size

A
  • hominins have quite small incisors for body size
  • Australopithecines’ are actually larger than humans’ or paranthropines!
78
Q

Diet teeth- molar size

A
  • Australopithecines’ molars are smaller than paranthropines’, early Homo are intermediate
79
Q

Diet teeth- teeth relief

A
  • Australopithecines have relatively flat, blunt teeth
  • Inefficient at tough foods even pliant ones like meat: soft fruits?
80
Q

Diet teeth- enamel thickness

A
  • Australopithecines and paranthropines both had thick enamel
81
Q

Diet teeth- microwear

A
  • Australopithecines a mix of grass and fruits
  • Paranthropines more harder foods?
82
Q

Diet teeth- mandibular biomechanics

A
  • All archaic hominins show robust mandibles
  • Paranthropines’ more robust than australopithecines’!
83
Q

Diet teeth- paleoenvironments

A
  • Mixed, mosaic environments for australopithecines!
  • Possibly more open environments for paranthropines
84
Q

Diet teeth- isotopic evidence

A
  • Lots of variability among australopithecines and P. robustus: only P. boisei really shows evidence of significant amounts of
    grassland resources

Becoming human (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions