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Becoming human > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

La Sima de los Huesos

A

*430,000ya
* Cave accessed by 14m deep
chimney/hole in roof
* Thousands of fossils from min.28
individuals of Neanderthal clade

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2
Q

La Sima de los Huesos and DNA evidence

A
  • Originally thought to be Homo heidelbergensis specimens
  • The oldest aDNA ever sequenced (to date …). aDNA proved they were more closely related to later hominins in Europe than heildelbergensis
  • Good preservation conditions at La Sima: humid, constant temperature, protection
  • La Sima fossils now re-classified as Neanderthal, not Homo heidelbergensis
  • But more closely related to the Denisovans than to the ‘classic’ later Neanderthals,
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3
Q

When was the divergence between Neanderthal and modern human

A
  • Divergence between Neanderthal and
    modern human lineages previously dated
    to around 400,000
  • aDNA available at the time
  • Cranial variation
  • Split coincides with appearance of Mode 3
    technologies after ~300ka
  • Last Common Ancestor = later Homo
    heidelbergensis (Homo helmei?) e.g.
    Florisbad
  • New dates for divergence based on an updated mutation rate:
  • 750-550ka (Meyer et al. 2016)
  • > 800ka (Gomez-Roble 2019)
    *Humans and Neanderthals split from H. heidelbergensis
  • This could push the Last
    Common ancestor back to:
  • earlier Homo heidelbergensis
    (Homo rhodesiensis) e.g. Kabwe
  • Or even Homo antecessor?
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4
Q

Homo neanderthalensis location

A
  • Across Europe & SW Asia
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5
Q

Homo neanderthalensis body size

A

~1.5-1.68m, 55-80kg

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6
Q

Homo neanderthalensis brain size

A

1172-1740cm3 (bigger than homo sapien)

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7
Q

Homo neanderthalensis technology

A
  • Technology: mode 3 (Prepared Core Technology)
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8
Q

Homo neanderthalensis skull features

A

*Forehead low and sloping
*Occipital ‘bun’
*Pronounced brow ridge Cheek teeth
*Smaller: gap behind last molar (‘retromolar
gap’)
*Face long and Projecting
*Very large nose
*Chin usually absent
*Large skulls: 1,245-1,740cc
(modern = ~1,340cc)
*Large, forward positioned front teeth: very heavy wear, often used as extra grip?

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9
Q

Generalized foraging

A
  • Indiscriminate, unselective and
    opportunistic encounter hunting of
    any and all available prey in the vicinity
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10
Q

Logistic collecting

A

Prey choice made on basis of costs
and benefits of particular taxa and
logistic forays made out to find them

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11
Q

Neanderthal cannibalism?

A

Moula-Guercy, France
* Cutmark patterns the same as those on
definite food bones

Krapina Cave
* Postmortem processing of corpses with stone tools, for burial?
Where cutmarks were found:
* Similar to historic site at which secondary burial was practised

Not similar to reindeer bone
* Perimortem modifications:
* Vindija; Marillac; Combe Grenal; Zafarraya

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12
Q

Neanderthal cannibalism- Goyet cave

A

*99 Neanderthal bones from 5 individuals (4 adults and 1 child)
*Almost 1/3rd of bones bear cutmarks
*Lower limbs were de-fleshed, upper limbs possibly disarticulated, ribs were dismembered and thoracic muscles removed
*Marrow extracted from long bones, esp femurs and tibias
*Possible human chewing of phalanges
*Some femur bones used as retouchers

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13
Q

Neanderthal shoulders

A
  • Relatively narrow/shallow supraglenoid fossa
  • Wider scapulae
  • Dorsal sulcate axillary border
  • Long collarbone
  • Wide shoulders
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14
Q

Neanderthal arm asymmetry

A
  • Neanderthals: 24-57% difference between R and L arms
  • Holocene H. sapiens: 5-14%
  • Modern human tennis players/cricketers: 28-57%
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15
Q

Neanderthal Hand adaptations for power grip

A
  • Long thumb
  • Wide fingertips
  • Pronounced muscle attachments
  • Flat metacarpals
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16
Q

Neanderthal lives: mortality profiles

A
  • Lifespan shorter: 80% mortality by
    40 years old
17
Q

Trauma and Neanderthal care

A

Shanidar 1: male, 35-50
* Injury to cranium: crushing fracture above left eye (sharp force trauma from lithic point or blade?)
* Healed but permanent deformation and probably blind in the left eye
* Withered right arm, possibly from birth
* Osteoarthritis and fractures in left foot
* (aka ‘Creb’ from The Clan of the Cave Bear)

Shanidar 3: male, 40-50
* Severe degenerative joint disease in R foot
* Sharp force trauma to rib, lithic still embedded
* Partial collapse of lung
* Partial remodelling of bone around lithic i.e. survived at least 2 weeks, possibly 2 months, after injury
* Restricted damage (just one rib) and angle of damage: thrown spear (H.
sapiens?!)

The ‘Old Man’ of La Chapelle aux Saints: male, ~40
* Widespread degeneration and arthritis in the joints, especially left hip
* Several healed wounds, including a fractured rib
* Had lost most of his teeth so would have had difficulty chewing
* Most complete fossil known at the time of discovery: reconstruction led to
erroneous picture of slouched, shuffling
Neanderthals!

Becoming human (13 decks)

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