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Becoming human > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Homo species

A

*Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4mya
* Homo erectus 1.6-?0.6mya
* Homo georgicus? 1.8mya
* Homo antecessor 1.2mya – 780kyrs
* Homo heidelbergensis 600 – 250kyrs

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2
Q

Homo ergaster age

A
  • C1.9 – 1.5mya
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3
Q

Homo ergaster location

A
  • East Africa: Kenya, Nariokotome
  • South Africa: Swartkrans
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4
Q

Homo ergaster specimens

A
  • Well-preserved full skeletons
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5
Q

Homo ergaster body size

A
  • Male: 66kg, 1.8m
  • Female: 56kg, 1.6m
  • Sexual dimorphism similar to modern humans
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6
Q

Homo ergaster brain size

A

750-848cm3

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7
Q

Homo ergaster teeth

A

human sized!

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8
Q

Homo ergaster bipedal

A

*obligate bipedalism
* Reduced arm length relative to legs
* Barrel-shaped ribcage
* Straight fingers and toes

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9
Q

Homo ergaster palaeoenvironmental evidence

A
  • Little known but bodily stature suggested open, tropical environments
  • Was this the first hairless hominin?
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10
Q

The Nariokotome boy: 1.6/1.5mya (Home ergaster)

A

Active/dangerous lifestyle?
Traumatic vertebral herniation aka slipped disc:
* Several backache, limping, problems bending
* Survived with the condition: received care
* Some argue pathology e.g. scoliosis, but disagreement

Disputes over age:
* Bone maturity: 11-12yrs old
* Dental development: ~8yrs old
* Discrepancy means no adolescent growth spurt?
* i.e. a primate-like fast rate of maturation, rather than
human-like slow/delayed maturation?
* But brain size?! C.900cc

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11
Q

Homo erectus age

A

c.1.6-0.6(0.3?!)mya

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12
Q

Homo erectus was previously known as

A
  • Pithecanthropus erectus
  • Sinanthropus pekinensis
  • ‘Java man’
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13
Q

Homo erectus location

A
  • Indonesia: Sangiran, Sambungmachan;
    Java (Trinil)
  • China: Zhoukoudian; Lantian
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14
Q

Homo erectus specimes

A
  • Well-preserved full skeletons
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15
Q

Homo erectus body size

A
  • Male: 1.79m
  • Female: smaller!
  • Sexual dimorphism larger than modern humans
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16
Q

Homo erectus brain size

A

727-1225cm3

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17
Q

Homo erectus bipedalism type

A
  • Obligate bipedalism
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18
Q

Homo erectus palaeoenvironmental evidence

A
  • Found in more temperate/seasonal environments than earlier
    hominins
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19
Q

Homo erectus skull features

A

*Thick, shelf-like browridge
*Cranial bones very thick
*Long, low skull; no forehead Sagittal crest
*Pronounced muscle markings
*Shorter and sturdier than H. ergaster but
overall proportions similar
*Very robust postcranially
*Short, wide massive faces
*Protruding jaws

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20
Q

H. erectus shellfish consumption, shell
use and engraving: 430,000bp

A
  • Holes found in shells:
  • Not known in natural shell accumulations
  • 80% of hole located where perforation of
    shell and muscle inside would force mollusc
    to open up; very similar to experiments
  • Damage closer to that produced by
    historical human groups’ subsistence than to
    other possible agents (primates; otters; rats;
    birds etc.)
  • One shell shows signs of use for cutting or
    scraping: shell tools?
  • One shell shows geometric grooves:
    deliberately engraved while shell was fresh?
  • Made using a shark tooth? Present in assemblage
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21
Q

Homo georgicus age

A
  • ~1.85-1.77mya
22
Q

Homo georgicus location

A
  • Georgia, Caucasus
23
Q

Homo georgicus specimens and size

A
  • Large redeposited assemblage of bones and stones
  • > 15,000 cores and flakes (mode 1 technologies)
  • Thousands of animal bones,
    only 8 cut-marked bones
  • IF we assume they’re all one
    species…
  • Body size: 50kg, 1.5m
  • Brain size: 546-775cm3
  • Including D3444/D3900: nearly
    toothless old man
  • Needed care? At the very least, carefully chosen diet!
24
Q

Homo georgicus teeth

A

essentially modern

25
Q

Homo georgicus bipedal type

A
  • Fully bipedal (obligate)
  • Postcrania suggest obligate bipedalism but
    some elements suggest a slightly different
    form to modern bipedalism: e.g. foot is
    slightly turned inwards
26
Q

Homo georgicus tool use

A

Toolmaker: mode 1 (Oldowan)

27
Q

Homo georgicus skull features

A
  • Crania very variable * Average brain size very close (close to H.
    habilis)
  • Slightly elongated skull * Slight sagittal keeling * Back of skull smooth, rounded and quite gracile (i.e. more modern than H. erectus or Neanderthals)
  • Browridge, but not very pronounced
  • Upper face quite small with narrow nasal
    bones
  • Slightly prognathic upper jaw region but
    reduced from earlier hominins
28
Q

Homo georgicus controversy

A
  • Includes skulls and postcrania of at least 6
    individuals
    BUT very variable: are they all one population or even species?! Variability especially pronounced in:
  • Zygomatic arches
  • Prognathism
  • browridges
  • How many species represented here?
  • Cranial variability comparable to that of modern Pan
  • Distinct species OR part of Homo erectus sensu lato?

Relationships with other hominins?
More like H. ergaster and H. erectus than H. habilis?
* Apart from cranial size: 600cm3 more like H. habilis!
* i.e. this earliest dispersal preceded brain size increase?
* Supports an Asian (not African) origin of H. erectus?

29
Q

Homo floresiensis age

A
  • Originally dated to only
    18,000bp BUT now pushed
    back to 100-60,000BP
30
Q

Relationships between H. georgicus, H.
ergaster and H. erectus?

A
  1. H. ergaster evolved in Africa, then spread to Asia via the Caucasus, evolving en
    route into H. georgicus and H. erectus
  2. H. erectus evolved in Africa from H. ergaster (or they are the same species) and
    spread to Asia
    a. ‘H. georgicus’ could belong to either, or be descended from either, or
    represent a mixing of both!
  3. A pre-H.ergaster species (represented at Dmanisi?) spread into Asia and evolved
    into H. erectus, then spread back into Africa as H. ergaster
    b. Those transitional/archaic populations in Asia had descendants who
    left no traces (that have yet been found) that eventually evolved into
    Homo floresiensis in Flores?

What about Europe: Homo antecessor, 1.2mya …?!
1. H. ergaster OR a pre-ergaster species at Dmanisi spread both East and West and
evolved into both H. erectus and H. antecessor
2. H. erectus (wherever it came from!) spread West from Asia into Europe and
evolved into H. antecesso

31
Q

Homo floresiensis facts

A
  • Small-bodied
  • Very small-brained
  • Australopithecine-like?!
  • Originally dated to only 18,000bp BUT now pushed back to 100-60,000BP, stone tools dating back to 190,000BP
  • i.e. supporting evidence for
    dispersal of pre-erectus
    species?
32
Q

Homo antecessor age

A
  • 1.2 – 0.5mya
33
Q

Homo antecessor location

A

Northern Spain: Atapuerca, 2 localities:
* Gran Dolina
* Sima del Elefante

34
Q

Homo antecessor specimens

A
  • > 10 individuals known, adults, adolescents
    and children
35
Q

Homo antecessor body size

A

60-90kg; 1.6-1.8m
* Very like modern humans but with longer, more slender arms and broader chest

36
Q

Homo antecessor brain size

A

1125 – 1390cm3
(Pleistocene
Homo sapiens average ~1,500cm3)

37
Q

Homo antecessor skull/face

A

similar to modern humans

38
Q

Homo antecessor teeth

A

relatively large teeth

39
Q

Homo antecessor tool use

A

Toolmaker, mode 1

40
Q

Homo antecessor palaeoenvironmental evidence

A
  • Temperate environment
41
Q

Atapuerca: multiple sites

A
  • Several caves exposed by a
    railway cutting

Sima del Elefante: (1.2-1.1 mya)
* 25m of depositsin16 layers
* TE9c level produced oldest fossil in
western Europe

Gran Dolina: (780,000ya)
* 18m of deposits in 11 layers
* TD6 (Aurora stratum) 165 fossils
from min. 11 individuals

Sima de los Huesos: (430,000ya)
* Cave accessed by 14m deep
chimney/hole in roof
* Thousands of fossils from min.28
individuals of Neanderthal clade

42
Q

Atapuerca: Sima del Elefante

A
  • Layer TE9c: 1.2 to 1.1 mya

Hominin remains
* molar and mandible fragment
* Molar ‘well worn’, from 20-25yr old
* Dental calculus shows ingestion of raw
meat and wild grasses, and use of twigs to
clean teeth! (Hardy et al. 2016). I.e., brain
expansion occurs prior to cooking…

Also 33x stone tools
* Raw materials all from within 2km

Evidence of animal bone processing:
* Thousands of animal bones (5% are
cutmarked) and 33 stone tools

Cave filling accumulated via a fissure
entrance (i.e. not a cave mouth
entrance; secondary deposit?)

43
Q

Atapuerca: Gran Dolina

A
  • Gran Dolina:
  • TD-11: Mousterian;
    Neanderthal?
  • TD-10: Homo heidelbergensis

TD-6 (Aurora stratum):
* >80 fragments of 5/6 hominins 850-780,000bp: H. antecessor
* About 25% of the bones show possible signs of cannibalism.
* Retouched core and flake tools

  • TD-4 (780,000 BP), 4 stone
    tools
44
Q

Homo antecessor: evidence of cannibalism?

A

Evidence:
* Bones show evidence of slicing, chopping, scraping
* Particular evidence for facial skinning and defleshing
* Lower limbs: cutmarks and bone breakage by percussion and bending
* Fingers and toes were smashed, i.e. intensive carcass exploitation

45
Q

Homo antecessor: reason for cannibalism?

A
  • Ritual/magic/funerary
  • Aggressive
  • Affectionate
  • Endocannibalism
  • Exocannibalism
  • Nutritional
46
Q

Homo heidelbergensis age

A
  • ~700-300,000bp
47
Q

Homo heidelbergensis location

A
  • Across Europe and ?Africa?
  • African specimens go by a variety of other names too e.g. Homo helmei, Homo leakeyi,
    H. rhodesiensis
48
Q

Homo heidelbergensis body size

A

50-68kg; 1.45-
1.85m

49
Q

Homo heidelbergensis brain size

A

1,100-1,400cm3

50
Q

Homo heidelbergensis tool use

A

Toolmaker: mode 2
(Acheulean)

51
Q
A
  • Large, strong skull
  • Strong muscle
    attachment sites
  • Broad, relatively flat
    face
  • Strong brow-ridges
  • Large jaws
  • More robust than
    modern humans

Becoming human (13 decks)

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