lecture 7

Question 1

The ABCs of the Self

Answer 1

Affect: How do we evaluate
ourselves, enhance our
self-images, and defend
against threats to our selfesteem?
Behavior: How do we
regulate our actions and
present ourselves
according to interpersonal
demands?
Cognition: How do we
come to know ourselves,
develop a self-concept,
and maintain a stable
sense of identity?

Question 2

the self is many more than just 2.. what are you alll

Answer 2

• personal
• relational
• social identity
• evaluative components
• motivational component

Question 3

cognitive foundation of the self

Answer 3

• self concept: the cognitive representation that we have of ourselves
• working self-concept (dynamic self_: part of the self that is activated in a context
• self-schema: knowledge of a certain domain (sailing) that is important of the self

Question 4

public self-awareness

Answer 4

more socially desirable behavior
can influence the robust bystander effect!

Question 5

Social identity theory

Answer 5

• People base (part of) their identity on group membership = social identity
• compare groups with other groups to gauge our value or worth
• Strife towards obtaining or keeping a positive social identity
• strong tendency to protect social identity

Question 6

social facilitation

Answer 6

difficult task: people will perform worse with auience
easy task: people will perform better with audience

Question 7

ostracism

Answer 7

exclusion from a society or group.

-cyberball
- forever alone paradigm: give people information after task: you have some friends but you’ll soon drive apart. Pretty much unethical

Question 8

what are consequenes of ostracism

Answer 8

• stress, pain
• strong emotions (anger, sadnesS)
• fight (agression) vs freeze (numbness) vs reconnect (OCB)
• lower termperature
• threatens fundamental needs, like control, meaningful existence, self esteem and the need to belong

Question 9

The need to belong

Answer 9

probably the most fundamental human social need

Question 10

still preoccupied with 1995: the need to belong and preference for nostalgic products

Answer 10

Participant with the nee to belong as active goal, experience a significantly stronger preference for nostalgic products
- can be statisfied through consumption nostalgic products: after consumption the feeling of exclusion was a little bit better

Question 11

what is the difference of experiencing self and remembering self?

Answer 11

Experiencing self: lives in present: does it hurt now?

Remembering self:
keeps score, maintains sotry of life, how have you been feeling lately

Question 12

peak end rule

Answer 12

The peak–end rule is a cognitive bias that impacts how people remember past events. Intense positive or negative moments (the “peaks”) and the final moments of an experience (the “end”) are heavily weighted in our mental calculus

Question 13

duration neglect

Answer 13

the duration of the procedure had no effect whatsoever on the rationgs of total pain

Question 14

If you’re a doctor, how do we lower the pain then if the duration of feeling pain does not matter and beginning and end?

Answer 14

It depens on motive: reduce experienced pain or remembered pain:
- lower the peak intensity
- Time does not matter so use it to gradually lower the pain until the end

Question 15

why can mememories be wrong?

Answer 15

• duration neglect and peak-end-rule
• outside factors, such as framing –> how fast were the cars going when they smashed or hit each other?
• inside pressures such as self esteem

Question 16

recency rule

Answer 16

typically report more events from the recent than the distant past

Question 17

exceptions to the recency rule

Answer 17

• Reminiscence peak
• tendency to remeber transitional firsts

Question 18

autobiographical memories

Answer 18

• flashbulnb memories serve as prominent landmarks in our autobiographies
• autobiographical memory is a vital part of, and can be shaped by our identity
• often motivated to distort the past in ways that are self-inflated.

Question 19

Distortions in memory of high school grades to protect your self esteem

Answer 19

we remember higher grades well, but lower grades not.

Question 20

choice of vacation is predicted by memory, not by experience study

Answer 20

Online, so actually experiencing it, was -.01 correlated with repeating the experience. remembered was correlated with ,82 repeating experience. there’s even a mismatch between experienced and remembered and predicted enjoyment.

Question 21

james dean effect

Answer 21

Respondents rated a wonderful life that ended abruptly as better than one with additional mildly pleasant years (the “James Dean Effect”)

Question 22

Alexander Solzhenitsyn Effect”

Answer 22

Similarly, a terrible life with additional moderately bad years was rated as more desirable than one ending abruptly without those unpleasant years

Question 23

small things can have a hume impact on general well-being ratings. why?

Answer 23

• dime on copy machine
• football winning
• weather

Mechanism?
- mood as information vs availability/mood congruent recall
weather study where people were told about weather’s influence on mood –> do you feel better because the weather is nice? (participants said no. It doesn ‘t have to do with that. so mood as information)

Question 24

Focusing illusion

Answer 24

The focusing illusion was coined by the psychologist and Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman. People have a tendency to focus on one aspect of their lives while ignoring other aspects. Time is neglected and experiences that will retain their value over the long term are underappreciated

Question 25

hot-cold-empathy gap

Answer 25

when you’re in a cold state, you can’t emphasize when you’re in a hot state. can’t relate to feelings you are not currently experiencing.

Famous for ice-water studies

Question 26

ice-water studies

Answer 26

your hand gets warm, but don’t get it confused with the peak end rule

Question 27

empathy gap observers and time (Nordgren et al., 2012). conclusion?

Answer 27

when you’re included in the painful shit, you will describe it as very painful and remember it as painful (hot state), but when you’re in the exclusion condition, (cold state) you will initial mood is less painful than the inclusion condition, but you also remeber it (recalled mood) way less than when you would be in the inclusion condition

Question 28

how do we measure the online well being and the remembering well being? bc u a unrealiable eyewitness

Answer 28

Description: The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) measures how people spend their time and how they emotionally experience the various activities of life. Response options: 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0, “not at all” to 6, “very much”.

you can calculate the U-index (percentage negative of waking day). negative experience if negative feelings are more intense than any of the positive

Question 29

what did they found with the u index?

Answer 29

• 50% no negative episode over an entire day
• minority of people experienced emotional distress for much of the day, like mental illness, unhappy temperament, personal tragedies.
• this is lower in the weekend

Question 30

Gallup Data

Answer 30

• the well-being that people experience as they live their lives: “taken all together, how would you say things are these days? would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy or not too happy?”
• the judgment they make when they evaluate their life: the cantril self-anchoring striving scale (on which sep of the ladder, 10 best possible life, 0 worst possible life, are you?”

Question 31

the cantril self-anchoring striving scale

Answer 31

(on which sep of the ladder, 10 best possible life, 0 worst possible life, are you?”

Question 32

Gallup outcome,
Education, health, children and religion, which ones are important for well-being experience and well-being evaluation?

Answer 32

Well being experience:
Health
Religion (for some emotions)
not children and education

Well being evaluation:
education
health: moderate
children mod low,
relgion not so much

So there’s no correlation between well being experience and evaluation

Question 33

why do people get less well being after getting a child? but before they’re fucking happy

Answer 33

bc they peak and be like yes let’s get a child, but then it goes back to normal again so yeah

Question 34

severe poverity amplifies negative events, like what?

Answer 34

low 10 percent of poor people get a headache, sadness goes up with 28 > 70 % but with the rich it’s only 19 > 38%

also weekend effect on u index diminishes for poor people

Question 35

Does money make you happy? why not?

Answer 35

It allows for more purchases, improved living, but it doesn;t elevate emotional experience. It seems to reduce ability to enjoy small pleasures. There was a study priming with wealth –> less enjoyment of chocolate