lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The ABCs of the Self

A

Affect: How do we evaluate
ourselves, enhance our
self-images, and defend
against threats to our selfesteem?
Behavior: How do we
regulate our actions and
present ourselves
according to interpersonal
demands?
Cognition: How do we
come to know ourselves,
develop a self-concept,
and maintain a stable
sense of identity?

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2
Q

the self is many more than just 2.. what are you alll

A
  • personal
  • relational
  • social identity
  • evaluative components
  • motivational component
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3
Q

cognitive foundation of the self

A
  • self concept: the cognitive representation that we have of ourselves
  • working self-concept (dynamic self_: part of the self that is activated in a context
  • self-schema: knowledge of a certain domain (sailing) that is important of the self
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4
Q

public self-awareness

A

more socially desirable behavior
can influence the robust bystander effect!

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5
Q

Social identity theory

A
  • People base (part of) their identity on group membership = social identity
  • compare groups with other groups to gauge our value or worth
  • Strife towards obtaining or keeping a positive social identity
  • strong tendency to protect social identity
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6
Q

social facilitation

A

difficult task: people will perform worse with auience
easy task: people will perform better with audience

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7
Q

ostracism

A

exclusion from a society or group.

-cyberball
- forever alone paradigm: give people information after task: you have some friends but you’ll soon drive apart. Pretty much unethical

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8
Q

what are consequenes of ostracism

A
  • stress, pain
  • strong emotions (anger, sadnesS)
  • fight (agression) vs freeze (numbness) vs reconnect (OCB)
  • lower termperature
  • threatens fundamental needs, like control, meaningful existence, self esteem and the need to belong
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9
Q

The need to belong

A

probably the most fundamental human social need

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10
Q

still preoccupied with 1995: the need to belong and preference for nostalgic products

A

Participant with the nee to belong as active goal, experience a significantly stronger preference for nostalgic products
- can be statisfied through consumption nostalgic products: after consumption the feeling of exclusion was a little bit better

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11
Q

what is the difference of experiencing self and remembering self?

A

Experiencing self: lives in present: does it hurt now?

Remembering self:
keeps score, maintains sotry of life, how have you been feeling lately

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12
Q

peak end rule

A

The peak–end rule is a cognitive bias that impacts how people remember past events. Intense positive or negative moments (the “peaks”) and the final moments of an experience (the “end”) are heavily weighted in our mental calculus

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13
Q

duration neglect

A

the duration of the procedure had no effect whatsoever on the rationgs of total pain

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14
Q

If you’re a doctor, how do we lower the pain then if the duration of feeling pain does not matter and beginning and end?

A

It depens on motive: reduce experienced pain or remembered pain:
- lower the peak intensity
- Time does not matter so use it to gradually lower the pain until the end

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15
Q

why can mememories be wrong?

A
  • duration neglect and peak-end-rule
  • outside factors, such as framing –> how fast were the cars going when they smashed or hit each other?
  • inside pressures such as self esteem
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16
Q

recency rule

A

typically report more events from the recent than the distant past

17
Q

exceptions to the recency rule

A
  • Reminiscence peak
  • tendency to remeber transitional firsts
18
Q

autobiographical memories

A
  • flashbulnb memories serve as prominent landmarks in our autobiographies
  • autobiographical memory is a vital part of, and can be shaped by our identity
  • often motivated to distort the past in ways that are self-inflated.
19
Q

Distortions in memory of high school grades to protect your self esteem

A

we remember higher grades well, but lower grades not.

20
Q

choice of vacation is predicted by memory, not by experience study

A

Online, so actually experiencing it, was -.01 correlated with repeating the experience. remembered was correlated with ,82 repeating experience. there’s even a mismatch between experienced and remembered and predicted enjoyment.

21
Q

james dean effect

A

Respondents rated a wonderful life that ended abruptly as better than one with additional mildly pleasant years (the “James Dean Effect”)

22
Q

Alexander Solzhenitsyn Effect”

A

Similarly, a terrible life with additional moderately bad years was rated as more desirable than one ending abruptly without those unpleasant years

23
Q

small things can have a hume impact on general well-being ratings. why?

A
  • dime on copy machine
  • football winning
  • weather

Mechanism?
- mood as information vs availability/mood congruent recall
weather study where people were told about weather’s influence on mood –> do you feel better because the weather is nice? (participants said no. It doesn ‘t have to do with that. so mood as information)

24
Q

Focusing illusion

A

The focusing illusion was coined by the psychologist and Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman. People have a tendency to focus on one aspect of their lives while ignoring other aspects. Time is neglected and experiences that will retain their value over the long term are underappreciated

25
Q

hot-cold-empathy gap

A

when you’re in a cold state, you can’t emphasize when you’re in a hot state. can’t relate to feelings you are not currently experiencing.

Famous for ice-water studies

26
Q

ice-water studies

A

your hand gets warm, but don’t get it confused with the peak end rule

27
Q

empathy gap observers and time (Nordgren et al., 2012). conclusion?

A

when you’re included in the painful shit, you will describe it as very painful and remember it as painful (hot state), but when you’re in the exclusion condition, (cold state) you will initial mood is less painful than the inclusion condition, but you also remeber it (recalled mood) way less than when you would be in the inclusion condition

28
Q

how do we measure the online well being and the remembering well being? bc u a unrealiable eyewitness

A

Description: The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) measures how people spend their time and how they emotionally experience the various activities of life. Response options: 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0, “not at all” to 6, “very much”.

you can calculate the U-index (percentage negative of waking day). negative experience if negative feelings are more intense than any of the positive

29
Q

what did they found with the u index?

A
  • 50% no negative episode over an entire day
  • minority of people experienced emotional distress for much of the day, like mental illness, unhappy temperament, personal tragedies.
  • this is lower in the weekend
30
Q

Gallup Data

A
  • the well-being that people experience as they live their lives: “taken all together, how would you say things are these days? would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy or not too happy?”
  • the judgment they make when they evaluate their life: the cantril self-anchoring striving scale (on which sep of the ladder, 10 best possible life, 0 worst possible life, are you?”
31
Q

the cantril self-anchoring striving scale

A

(on which sep of the ladder, 10 best possible life, 0 worst possible life, are you?”

32
Q

Gallup outcome,
Education, health, children and religion, which ones are important for well-being experience and well-being evaluation?

A

Well being experience:
Health
Religion (for some emotions)
not children and education

Well being evaluation:
education
health: moderate
children mod low,
relgion not so much

So there’s no correlation between well being experience and evaluation

33
Q

why do people get less well being after getting a child? but before they’re fucking happy

A

bc they peak and be like yes let’s get a child, but then it goes back to normal again so yeah

34
Q

severe poverity amplifies negative events, like what?

A

low 10 percent of poor people get a headache, sadness goes up with 28 > 70 % but with the rich it’s only 19 > 38%

also weekend effect on u index diminishes for poor people

35
Q

Does money make you happy? why not?

A

It allows for more purchases, improved living, but it doesn;t elevate emotional experience. It seems to reduce ability to enjoy small pleasures. There was a study priming with wealth –> less enjoyment of chocolate