Chapter 1 Flashcards
affect heuristic
judgments and decisions are guided directly by feelings of like and dislike, with little delibaration or reasoning
intuitive heuristic
when faced with a difficult question, we often answer an easier one instead, usually without noticing the substiution, and sometimes end uo wuth a mistaken answer to the question posed
there is a distinction between two selves.. name them,
There is a distinction between two selves, the experiencing self and
the remembering self. Thus, if we expose individuals to two painful episodes, we can manipulate their
memories so that the episode which is more painful because it is longer is remembered as better. When people
later decide what episode to repeat, they are guided by the remembering selves and expose their experiencing
self to unnecessary pain. The same goes for happiness.
what is another limitation for system 1, next to answering questions that are simpler than the one that was asked and it has little understandingh of logic and statistics.
it cannot be turned off
“law of least effort”
The law asserts that if there are several
ways of achieving the same goal, people will gravitate to the least demanding course of action – and this
applies to cognitive effort as well as other forms of human activities. In the economy of mental action, effort is a
cost, and human actions and motivations are driven by a balance of benefits and costs. Laziness is thus built in
deep into our nature.
A key discovery of cognitive psychologists in
recent decades is that…
switching from one asked to another is effortful, especially under time pressure. Time
pressure can be artificially imposed from without, but also from within, whether you desire to solve problem
quickly or due to the holding of information in memory to solve a problem, since there is a desire to solve the
problem and not focus on this information anymore.
Fortunately, mental work is not always so straining, and people sometimes spent considerable effort for long
periods of time without having to exert extensive willpower, a state that has received the term flow. Flow
separates two forms of effort, what are these called?
concentration on the task and the deliberate control of attention, with the state of
flow involving the former without the effort of the latte
ego depletion
Thus, experiments are shown that an effort of will or self-control is tiring. If you have to
force yourself to do something, you are less willing or able to exert self-control when the next challenge comes
around, a phenomenon called ego depletion.
Unlike cognitive load, ego
depletion is at least in part a result of the loss of motivation. Why?
After exerting self-control in one pass, you are less
motivated to make an effort in another, although you could if you really had to: experiments have shown that
people were able to resist the effects of ego depletion when given a strong incentive to do so. In contrast,
increasing effort is not an option when you must perform straining mental tasks. In other words, ego depletion
is not the same mental state as cognitive business
