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Lecture 1: Biological Molecules > Lecture 6: The cell cycle > Flashcards

Lecture 6: The cell cycle Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what can effect the length of a cycle?

A
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2
Q

cell division in eukaryotic cells

A

regulated by the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis)

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3
Q

cell division in prokaryotic cells

A

binary fission

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4
Q

what happens if not everything is in order in the cell ?

A

it will get aborted or stay in a particular phase

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5
Q

stem cells

A

Unspecialised (undifferentiated)
Has the ability to differentiate into any type of cell
Found in bone marrow (adult), umbilical cord blood and embryos (ethics)

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6
Q

stem cells in bone marrow

A

stem cell -> cell division (some are specialised) ->cell specialisation -> specialised cells e.g. nerve cells / muscle cells

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7
Q

cell cycle

A

Interphase – longest part
Cell growth and DNA replication
Interphase divided into G1, S and G2
Cell division -M phase (Mitosis & Cytokinesis)
Mitosis = nuclear division
Cytokinesis = cytoplasm division
Regulated by check points

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8
Q

what occurs in interphase

A

the cell grows in preparation for cell division, chromosomes are duplicated with the genetic material (DNA) copied precisely.

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9
Q

what occurs in prophase

A

chromosomes condense (shorter and fatter) nuclear envelope breaks down

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10
Q

what occurs in metaphase

A

chromosomes (each 2 chromatids) line up along the middle
checkpoints checks chromosomes are attached to spindle -> G1 phase

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11
Q

what occurs in anaphase

A

Centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids.
Spindle contract, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

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12
Q

what occurs in telophase

A

Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes

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13
Q

what occurs in mitosis

A

the chromosome copies and are separated from each other (moved to opposite ends of the cell)

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14
Q

what occurs in cytokinesis

A

the cell divides into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other to the parent cell (splitting of the cell)

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15
Q

why do we have check points in the cell cycle

A

to make sure it is ok for the process to continue.

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16
Q

where do the checkpoints occur

A

in the G1 check point & Metaphase check point

17
Q

how to calculate the length of time in phase

A

observed number of cells at that stage / total number of cells observed x total length of time of cell cycle

18
Q

mitosis in plant cells

A

Mitosis can be observed in any tissue that is actively dividing.
A tissue in which it is easy to observe mitosis is the growing tip of a plant root
In plants, mitosis takes place in tissues called meristems (found at the growing tips of shoots and roots) undifferentiated.

19
Q

Mitotic index

A

Calculate the mitotic index for your chosen field of view, using the formula
MITOTIC INDEX = NUMBER OF CELLS IN THE FIELD OF VIEW UNDERGOING CELL DIVISION / TOTAL NUMBER OF CELLS IN THE FIELD OF VIEW
(if u can see the nucleus count it)

20
Q

Cancer

A

Mitosis is a controlled process (genes)
Mutations
Uncontrolled cell division can lead to the formation of tumours and cancers
Blood/lymphatic system

21
Q

primary cancer

A

is where the cancer begins

22
Q

secondary cancer

A

is where cancer spreads and grows in other areas
(they are named by where they first began developing)

23
Q

how many types of tumors are there

A

x2

24
Q

what are the types of tumour cells

A

benign and malignant

25
Q

benign

A

slow growth (usually grow within a membrane so can easily be removed does not invade other parts of the body) metastasis

26
Q

malignant

A
27
Q

what mutations cause cancer

A

2 type of gene that control cell division
Tumour suppressor genes (TSG)
Proto-oncogenes

28
Q

what is TSG responsible for

A

Responsible for making proteins involved in slowing cell division or causing them to self-destruct (apoptosis)

29
Q

what happens when TSG is mutated

A

the gene will be inactivated. No protein is produced.
Cell divides uncontrollably

30
Q

what do Proto-oncogenes do ?

A

these stimulate cell division by producing proteins that make the cell divide

31
Q

what happens if a mutation occurs in the Proto-oncogenes

A

this gene can become overactive (stimulates the cell to divide uncontrollably)- resulting in a tumour. Mutated proto-oncogenes are called oncogenes

32
Q

Methylation

A

Methylation means adding a methyl (-CH3 ) group
DNA methylation
Control whether or not a gene is transcribed & translated
Hypermethylation & hypomethylation
The growth of tumours can be caused by abnormal methylation of certain cancer-related genes

Lecture 1: Biological Molecules (8 decks)

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