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Lecture 1: Biological Molecules > Lecture 2: Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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2
Q

where are prokaryote cells found

A

found in 2 groups of single-celled microorganisms (Bacteria and Archaea)

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3
Q

where are eukaryotic cells found

A

plants and animals

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4
Q

magnification

A

size of image / size of specimen

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5
Q

size of image

A

size of specimen / magnification

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6
Q

size of specimen

A

size of image / magnification

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7
Q

resolution

A

Resolution is how detailed the image is. Specifically, it is how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together

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8
Q

cm to mm

A

x10

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9
Q

mm to um

A

x1000

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10
Q

um to nm

A

x1000

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11
Q

nm to um

A

/1000

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12
Q

um to mm

A

/1000

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13
Q

mm to cm

A

/10

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14
Q

stage

A

microscope slide is placed here

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15
Q

condenser

A

used to vary the intensity of light reaching the object

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16
Q

fine focus

A

used to focus the high power objective lence

17
Q

coarse focus

A

used to focus the low and medium power objective lenses

18
Q

objective lenses

A

x4 (low), x10 (medium), x40 (high power)

19
Q

turret

A

rotates to bring the objective lenses into place

20
Q

magnification =

A

magnification = size of image / size of specimen

21
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • smaller than eukaryotes
  • oldest
  • Single-celled organisms
  • Simple structure
  • Don’t have membrane bound organelles in - the cytoplasm
    Binary fission
    No nucleus
    Single shorter circular DNA
    Nucleoid
    Smaller ribosomes-70S (not attached to ER)
    Cell wall contains murein (glycoprotein)
    Plasmids
    Capsule
    flagella
22
Q

binary fission

A

produce an identical copy (genetically identical)
- Replication of circular DNA and plasmids
- Division of cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells each with a single copy of the circular DNA and variable number of copies of plasmids

23
Q

DNA prokaryotes

A
  • Prokaryotes carry DNA as chromosomes
  • Shorter and circular
  • DNA isn’t wound around histones
  • It condenses to fit in the cell by supercoiling
24
Q

DNA eukaryotes

A
  • Eukaryotic cells contain linear DNA molecules
  • Exist as chromosomes (thread like structures)
  • DNA – long (wound up to fit in the nucleus)
  • Wound around proteins called histones (help to support the DNA)
  • DNA (and protein) coiled up very tightly
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA similar to prokaryotic DNA
  • Circular and shorter
  • Not associated with histone proteins
25
histone protein
protective role - histone protein is the DNA wound around
26
compare eukaryotes and prokaryotes
eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cells typical size 10-100um in 0.1-5um in diameter diameter nucleus present absent membrane bound present absent organelles cell division mitosis binary fission and meiosis chromosomes long linear shorter DNA and molecule circular cytol yes yes ribosomes yes (80s) yes (70s) cell plasma yes yes membrane
27
what is found in a plant cell
- chloroplast - plasmodesmata - cytoskeleton (microfilaments/microtubules) - central vacuole - ribosomes - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - rough endoplasmic reticulum - nucleus (nuclear envelope/nucleolus/chromatin) - Golgi apparatus - mitochondrion - peroxisome - plasma membrane - cell wall
28
what is found in an animal cell
- ribosomes - golgi apparatus - lysosome - mitochondrion - peroxisome - microvilli - cytoskeleton (microfilaments/intermediate filaments/microtubules) - centrosome -flagellum - endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - nuclear envelope - nucleolus - chromatin - plasma membrane
29
Chloroplasts PLANTS
photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules
30
Ribosomes
(small brown dots) make proteins, free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope PLANTS AND ANIMALS
31
Central vacuole
Important organelle in older plant cells. Function storage and breakdown of waste products and hydrolysis of macromolecules. Enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth PLANTS
32
Cell wall
Outer layer that maintains cells shape and protects cell from mechanical damage. Made of cellulose other polysaccharide and protein PLANTS
33
Plasmodesmata
Cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells PLANTS
34
Lysosome
Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolysed ANIMALS
35
Golgi apparatus
Active in synthesis and modification sorting and secretion of cell products ANIMALS
36
Plasma membrane
Enclosing the cell ANIMALS
37
Nucleus
1) Nuclear envelope: double membrane enclosing the nucleus 2) Nucleolus: non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes ( has one or more nucleoli) 3) chromatin: consists of DNA and proteins ANIMALS

Lecture 1: Biological Molecules (14 decks)

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