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Lecture 1: Biological Molecules > Lecture 2: Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Cells Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two main types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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2
Q

where are prokaryote cells found

A

found in 2 groups of single-celled microorganisms (Bacteria and Archaea)

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3
Q

where are eukaryotic cells found

A

plants and animals

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4
Q

magnification

A

size of image / size of specimen

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5
Q

size of image

A

size of specimen / magnification

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6
Q

size of specimen

A

size of image / magnification

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7
Q

resolution

A

Resolution is how detailed the image is. Specifically, it is how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together

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8
Q

cm to mm

A

x10

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9
Q

mm to um

A

x1000

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10
Q

um to nm

A

x1000

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11
Q

nm to um

A

/1000

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12
Q

um to mm

A

/1000

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13
Q

mm to cm

A

/10

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14
Q

stage

A

microscope slide is placed here

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15
Q

condenser

A

used to vary the intensity of light reaching the object

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16
Q

fine focus

A

used to focus the high power objective lence

17
Q

coarse focus

A

used to focus the low and medium power objective lenses

18
Q

objective lenses

A

x4 (low), x10 (medium), x40 (high power)

19
Q

turret

A

rotates to bring the objective lenses into place

20
Q

magnification =

A

magnification = size of image / size of specimen

21
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • smaller than eukaryotes
  • oldest
  • Single-celled organisms
  • Simple structure
  • Don’t have membrane bound organelles in - the cytoplasm
    Binary fission
    No nucleus
    Single shorter circular DNA
    Nucleoid
    Smaller ribosomes-70S (not attached to ER)
    Cell wall contains murein (glycoprotein)
    Plasmids
    Capsule
    flagella
22
Q

binary fission

A

produce an identical copy (genetically identical)
- Replication of circular DNA and plasmids
- Division of cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells each with a single copy of the circular DNA and variable number of copies of plasmids

23
Q

DNA prokaryotes

A
  • Prokaryotes carry DNA as chromosomes
  • Shorter and circular
  • DNA isn’t wound around histones
  • It condenses to fit in the cell by supercoiling
24
Q

DNA eukaryotes

A
  • Eukaryotic cells contain linear DNA molecules
  • Exist as chromosomes (thread like structures)
  • DNA – long (wound up to fit in the nucleus)
  • Wound around proteins called histones (help to support the DNA)
  • DNA (and protein) coiled up very tightly
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA similar to prokaryotic DNA
  • Circular and shorter
  • Not associated with histone proteins
25
Q

histone protein

A

protective role - histone protein is the DNA wound around

26
Q

compare eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cells

typical size 10-100um in 0.1-5um in
diameter diameter

nucleus present absent

membrane
bound present absent
organelles

cell division mitosis binary fission
and
meiosis

chromosomes long linear shorter
DNA and
molecule circular

cytol yes yes

ribosomes yes (80s) yes (70s)

cell
plasma yes yes
membrane

27
Q

what is found in a plant cell

A
  • chloroplast
  • plasmodesmata
  • cytoskeleton (microfilaments/microtubules)
  • central vacuole
  • ribosomes
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • nucleus (nuclear envelope/nucleolus/chromatin)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • mitochondrion
  • peroxisome
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall
28
Q

what is found in an animal cell

A
  • ribosomes
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosome
  • mitochondrion
  • peroxisome
  • microvilli
  • cytoskeleton (microfilaments/intermediate filaments/microtubules)
  • centrosome
    -flagellum
  • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • nuclear envelope
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin
  • plasma membrane
29
Q

Chloroplasts PLANTS

A

photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

30
Q

Ribosomes

A

(small brown dots)
make proteins, free in
cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
PLANTS AND ANIMALS

31
Q

Central vacuole

A

Important organelle in older plant cells. Function storage and breakdown of waste products and hydrolysis of macromolecules. Enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth
PLANTS

32
Q

Cell wall

A

Outer layer that maintains cells shape and protects cell from mechanical damage. Made of cellulose other polysaccharide and protein
PLANTS

33
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
PLANTS

34
Q

Lysosome

A

Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolysed
ANIMALS

35
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Active in synthesis and modification sorting and secretion of cell products
ANIMALS

36
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Enclosing the cell
ANIMALS

37
Q

Nucleus

A

1) Nuclear envelope: double membrane enclosing the nucleus
2) Nucleolus: non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes ( has one or more nucleoli)
3) chromatin: consists of DNA and proteins
ANIMALS

Lecture 1: Biological Molecules (11 decks)

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