Lecture 6 Textbook Flashcards
What are the two main types of mood disorders?
Unipolar depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.
What are the main symptoms of a depressive episode?
Persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, and feelings of worthlessness.
What is a manic episode?
A period of abnormally elevated mood, high energy, reduced need for sleep, impulsivity, and possible psychotic features lasting at least one week.
How is a hypomanic episode different from a manic episode?
Hypomania is less severe, lasts at least four days, and does not cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
What is the DSM-5 criterion for a major depressive episode?
Five or more symptoms present for at least two weeks, including either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure.
What is the DSM-5 criterion for a manic episode?
At least three symptoms of elevated mood, energy, racing thoughts, impulsive behaviors, and lasting at least one week.
What is the most common age of onset for major depressive disorder?
Late adolescence to middle adulthood.
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD)?
Approximately 17%.
How does depression present in older adults?
Can be harder to diagnose due to overlap with medical condition
What is the role of the HPA axis in depression?
Overactivation leads to high cortisol, linked to stress and depression.
What is the controversy around bereavement exclusion in DSM-5?
DSM-5 removed the exclusion, allowing grief-related depression to be diagnosed as MDD, raising concerns about overdiagnosis.
What is Beck’s Cognitive Model of Depression?
It suggests that dysfunctional beliefs lead to negative automatic thoughts, causing depression.
What are the three components of Beck’s Negative Cognitive Triad?
Negative thoughts about self, world, and future.
What does the learned helplessness theory state?
Depression arises when individuals perceive they have no control over negative events.
What part of the brain is associated with learning, memory, and depression?
The hippocampus, which shrinks with prolonged depression.
How does social support impact depression risk?
Lack of close relationships increases vulnerability, while strong social support acts as a protective factor.
How are depression and anxiety similar and different?
Both share high negative affect, but depression has low positive affect, and anxiety has hyperarousal.
What is rapid cycling in bipolar disorder?
Experiencing four or more mood episodes (manic, hypomanic, or depressive) within a year.
What is the genetic likelihood of developing bipolar disorder if a first-degree relative has it?
8-10% compared to 1% in the general population.
How does depression affect sleep?
Earlier REM onset, less deep sleep, and disrupted circadian rhythms.
How does dopamine relate to mania?
Increased dopamine is linked to mania symptoms like hyperactivity and euphoria.
What is the psychodynamic explanation for depression?
Freud theorized that depression results from loss, causing self-directed anger and internalized grief.
According to behavioral theories, what causes depression?
Depression results from a lack of positive reinforcement and increased negative experiences.
How strong is the genetic influence on bipolar disorder?
About 60% concordance in identical twins, indicating a strong hereditary component.
How do dopamine and serotonin levels differ in depression and mania?
Depression is linked to low serotonin and dopamine, while mania is associated with excess dopamine.
How do depressive symptoms differ between Western and Asian cultures?
Western cultures report more psychological symptoms (guilt, worthlessness), while Asian cultures report more physical symptoms (fatigue, sleep issues).
What is the goal of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in depression treatment?
Helping individuals change their relationship with negative thoughts rather than eliminating them.
What is Behavioral Activation Treatment?
A therapy that encourages patients to engage in activities and social interactions to reduce depression.
How does Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) help in depression?
By improving social relationships and addressing negative interaction patterns.
What is the suicide contagion effect?
When media portrayals of suicide increase the likelihood of imitation.
Why is family and marital therapy important for treating depression?
Family stress and conflict can contribute to depressive relapses.
What are the gender differences in suicide?
Women attempt suicide more often, but men are more likely to die by suicide due to using more lethal methods.
