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PSY324 > Lecture 6: Religion Spirituality and Well-Being > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Religion Spirituality and Well-Being Flashcards

1
Q

What is Religion in the traditional distinction?

A
  • A fixed system of ideas or ideological commitments
  • Instituitionalized, formal, outward, doctrinal, authoritarian, controlling, inhibiting our free expression
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2
Q

What is Spirituality (traditional distinction)?

A
  • A personal, subjective side of religious experience
  • individual, subjective, emotional, less formal, inward, unsystematic, freeing expression
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3
Q

What are the problems with this traditional distinction?

A
  • It’s the implicit idea that religion is bad and spirituality is good
  • ignores spiritual expression unfold in a social context
    • religion is also interested in subjective experiences
  • Ignores that both involve transcendence
    • both involve the need to relate to something greater than oneself (broader)
    • self-transcendence (vertical & horizontal)

This aspect doesn’t guide us on how to conceptualize & operationalize religion & spirituality

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4
Q

What is religiosity?

A

It captures people’s religious beliefs, their religious ideologies and practices

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5
Q

What was Allport’s view on religiosity?

A

Focused on religiosity as being motivational (why are people religious)
Extrinsic (means to an end) – being religious allows them to obtain things they believe is important, to get a sense of community
Intrinsic – when you’re religious for the sake of being religious, their religiosity is a core part of self-concept, it’s who they are

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6
Q

Why do people argue against Allport’s view?

A

REVIEW LECTURE

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7
Q

What were Hackney & Sanders view on religiosity?

A

Identified 3 dimensions:
Institutional religiosity – Social & behavior aspects - what do people do, (go to church etc.)
Ideological religiosity – religious belief - what people believe (about the afterlife, what we’re suppose to be doing)
Personal devotion – how someone has internalized it, how important is religious to that person

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8
Q

Are the 3 dimensions identified by Hackney & Sanders independent of each other?

A

No they are all related

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9
Q

What was Paragament’s view of Spirituality?

A

Journey to discover
Process of discovery, what people hold on too and transform what they hold on too
Spiriuality can unfold in an informal way as well (don’t need instituitions)

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10
Q

What is MacDonald’s Model of Spirituality Expression?

A

Cognitive orientation towards spirituality –

Experiential/phenomenal dimension – what spirituality feels like for
individuals and the experiences you have

Existential well-being – reflects how much your spiritual journey allows u to feel that u have a purpose in life, how much you’re able to derive meaning

Paranormal beliefs – captures what people believe in (do u believe in spirits, ghosts, spiritual world, teleportation)

Religiousness - how much your journey to discover the sacred was connected to your..

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11
Q

What was the correlation between religiosity of the globe and life satisfaction of the globe?

A

Negative

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12
Q

What was the correlation between religiosity across nations and their life satisfaction?

A

Weak Negative Correlations

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13
Q

What is the empirical evidence on across nations? (Diener)

A
  1. Overall life satisfaction is negatively correlated with national religiosity
  2. The more important religion was, the less satisfied the nation was
  3. No correlation between how religious a nation was and how much attendance
    More religious nation = more Negative affect
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14
Q

What is the empirical evidence on across individuals?

A

life satisfaction (weaker negative relations)
- More religious individual = less life satisfaction

Positive Affect (weaker pos relations)
- More religious individual = more PA

Negative feelings (weaker pos relations)
- More religious individual = more NA

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15
Q

What key thing influences life satisfaction and religiosity and matters for SWB?

A

Societal circumstances - Person-environment fit

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16
Q

How is the life satisfaction and PA of individuals in highly religious nations?

A

when you are religious in a high religious nation = higher life satisfaction = higher PA = lowe NA
similar LS

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17
Q

How is the life satisfaction and PA of individuals in lower religious nations?

A

Religious individuals in less religious nations = slgihtly greater PA and lower NA

18
Q

How is the SWB of individuals living in a society with difficult circumstances?

A

Lower SWB for less religious individuals
For Religious individuals = Higher LS = Higher PA = Lower NA

19
Q

How is the SWB of individuals living in a society with good circumstances?

A

Higher SWB for less religious individuals
For religious individuals = lower LS = slightly higher PA and NA

20
Q

Does personal circumstances also contibute to SWB? How?

A

Yes
Personal circumstances contribute to your well being (LS) more than religiosity
But religiosity contributes to well-being more than your age and well-being

LS - religiosity matters less than gender, personal circumstances but more than age
PA - religiosity mattered less than personal circumstances, but more than age and gender
NA - religiosity mattered less than personal circumstances, age and gender

21
Q

Is there a difference between life satisfaction and different religions?

A

Difference is very small

22
Q

What was the correlation between spirituality and LS at an individual level?

A

Weak Negative correlation

23
Q

What is the LS in nations that are high in supporting socialized religion practices?

A

Higher LS and Happiness in individuals who are high in religious practices than those who are not

24
Q

What is the LS in nations that don’t support socialized religion practices?

A

Higher LS and Happiness individuals who didn’t engage in spiritual practices than those who did

25
Q

What is a mediator?

A

A variable that explains the relationship between 2 other variables

26
Q

What mediates the relationship between religion/spirituality and WB?

A

Social support
Respect
Meaning/Purpose in life
Durable Self-esteem
Terror Management
Promoting Positive Virtues
Promoting Positive Emotions
Morality
Attachment to God
The “Power” of Prayer

27
Q

How is social support a mediator?

A

Religion/spirituality can provide people with social support, ex. ppl can have someone to rely on for advice - this can lead to pos well-being
Religiosity was pos related to social support

28
Q

How does societal circumstance affect religiosity & social support?

A

People living in societies with good conditions, it didn’t matter whether they were religious or not, they had access to a lot of social support

People living in societies with bad conditions, people who were more religious had more social support – so social support CAN explain whiy religiosity is related to pos well-being

29
Q

How is respect a mediator?

A

Religiosity is pos related to respect
The more we feel people respect us, the more pos our well-being

Countries characterized by difficult religions, being high on religiosity = getting more respect

30
Q

How is meaning/purpose in life a mediator?

A

Religion provides meaning in life
Having a sense of meaning/purpose in life pos impacts well-being

31
Q

How is durable self-esteem mediator?

A

Spirituality & religion expecially may provide messages like God still loves you for who you are forming a durable nondefensive self worth
self-esteem pos impacts well-being
Religion is pos related wtih well-being
it is related to pos well-being when the belief in God is strong unshakable

32
Q

How is terror management a mediator?

A

Mortality salience causes anxiety, finding a way to cope with this pos impacts well-being
Religion can provide hope and courage and protect you from the existential anxiety
BUT strong religiosity belief decreases the anxiety not helpful for people with low beliefs

33
Q

How is promoting positive virtues a mediator for religion and well-being?

A

Religion encourages people to possess and practice virtues like gratitude, humility, forgiveness which pos impacts well-being
Hence religion is pos associated with well-being

34
Q

How is promoting Positive Emotions a mediator for religion and well-being?

A

Participating in religious/spiritual activities can make you feel good and you experience PA which can pos impact your well-being

35
Q

How is Morality a mediator for religion and well-being?

A

Morality can tell u what is right and what’s wrong and the extent to which you moralize these beliefs can shape your moral compass - which is associated with PWB

Religion & spirituality can help people increase their self-efficacy (u have what it takes), can help you act in moral ways - is pos associated with well-being

Problem with the research: are these individuals happier bc they have adapted a sense of morality or bc they have overcome their problem like substance use

36
Q

How is attachment to God a mediator?

A

A bond that is special, meaningful, long-lasting - can pos impact well-being
bc of a sense of attachment
Religion is pos associated with well-being

37
Q

What types of prayers have positive associations with SWB?

A

Adoration - focus on worship of God
Thanksgiving - expressing gratitude towards God
Reception - obtaining guidance and wisdom

38
Q

What types of prayers have negative or no associations with SWB?

A

Petitionary/supplication - praying to make things better in your life (feeling that lack of control, sense of helplessness)
Obligatory - ritualistic & repeated praying at fixed times
Confession - admit to transgressions to the higher power (admiting neg behavior & request for forgiveness to GOD)

39
Q

How do healthy practices & behavior affect well-being?

A

Healthy behaviours & practices pos impact well-being
Religion promotes healthy practices & behaviours
Religion is pos associated with well-being

40
Q

What influences the relation between religion/spirituality & well-being?

A

Person-envrionment fit
Societal conditions
Personal circumstances

PSY324 (7 decks)

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