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Lecture 1: The Science of Well-Being Flashcards

1
Q

What did Laypersons and other scientists often do?

A

They used the terms Happiness and Well-Being Interchangeably

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2
Q

What does contemporary psychology say?

A

Happiness and Well-Being are not the same
researchers usually focus on well-being

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3
Q

What is the Hedonic view?

A

Happiness is the individual’s balance of pleasant over unpleasant experiences

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4
Q

What is the Emotional state view?

A

Happiness is more than pleasant vs. unpleasant experiences. It involves discrete episodes of emotion
(neurophysiological responses, behvioral manifestation like facial expressions)

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5
Q

What 2 ways can we see happiness as according to the emotional state view say?

A

Happiness as a positive, acute emotional state or mood (episodic happiness) - Positive emotion vs. Positive mood
Happiness as a positive emotional condition (between emotions/moods & affective traits

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6
Q

What is the difference between moods and emotions

A

Moods are more vague and general than emotions and they last longer

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7
Q

What is the Life satisfaction view?

A

Happiness is having a favorable attitude toward one’s life as a whole.
It’s how u judge your life

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8
Q

What is the Hybrid View?

A

Happiness as affective and cognitive (how you judge your life and how you fell)

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9
Q

What are affective traits?

A

Personality traits, stable across time and situations
these traits influence our tendency to respond to our emotions

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10
Q

Where did Haybron place emotional conditions?

A

Between emotions/moods and affective traits

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11
Q

What is Well-Being?

A

Well-being reflects a value, broader concept but more precise
what benefits/harms us, what makes us better/worse, what makes a good life
Happiness is just a PART of well-being

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12
Q

What did ancient moral philosophers believe?

A

Happiness was the proper goal of human life.
Eudaimonia vs. Hedonia

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13
Q

What is the Eudaimonistic Theory?

A

Route to happiness is virtue (excellence)
Happiness as internal and not external

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14
Q

Different versions of the Eudaimonistic theories: Virttue & Exercising it?

A

Exercising Virtue is identical to happiness
- if you’re courageous and do the right thing even in danger you’re automatically happy)

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15
Q

Virtue and Activities?

A

Happiness is more than just virtue but virtue is the most important. Ex. Plato and Aristotle

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16
Q

What was the difference between Plato and Aristotle views?

A

Plato (Virtuous life) - To be happy, be virtuous (highly intellectual) and do virtuous activities
Aristotle (Virtuous Activity) - anyone can be happy, only have to do virtuous things, u don’t need to be a virtuous person

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17
Q

What did Stoics believe?

A

Virtue is the only means to happiness. Be and do moral virtues

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18
Q

What were the 2 Hedonistic theories

A

Epicureans and Cyrenaics

19
Q

What did the Epicureans believe?

A

Virtue is the only determinant of happiness
Happiness is the continuous experience of pleasure when there’s no pain/distress - static pleasure

20
Q

What did the cyrenaics believe?

A

Pleasure is the ultimate goal of life, not happiness
Happiness is the sum of pleasure over the long term (tiresome to pursue)
Goal is short-term particular immediate bodily pleasures (does’t matter what u do to feel them)

21
Q

What was the period of enlightment?

A

Sovereignty of the individual. People know what’s best for them and tend to act rationally to promote their interests.
- They don’t need enlightment, need freedom and empowerment (liberty & resources to pursue various goals)

Haybron - this is when torch passed from philosophers to economists

22
Q

What are the different Prudential psychologies?

A

Hedonic - understanding positive experiences
Eudaimonic - How people live well, fluourish and grow to maximize their potential
Abnormal - If we understand psychological disorders and treatments, we can be happy
Positvie - happiness is not just the absence of psychological disorders

23
Q

What are the different ways of cetegorizing contemporary theories?

A
  • Eudaimonic vs. hedonic
  • Subjective vs. objective
  • Needing vs. wanting vs. liking
24
Q

What is narrow Hedonism? what are the disadvantages of it?

A

Well-being is the balance of pleasant over unpleasant experience
includes hedonic, subjective and liking
Disadvantage: Too simplistic and reductionist - reduces life, well-being and happiness to just feeling good
- heavility influenced by mood and other variables

25
What is subjective well-being?
well-being reflects hedonic balance of pos affect over neg affect & cognitive judghements of one's life (life satisfaction) - hedonic, subjective, liking, most widely used construct Disadvantage: Too simplistic & reductionist, discriminant validity with psychological well-being - a lot of overlap with other conceptualization of well-being
26
What are the Desire Theories?
Well-being as the actual satisfaction of the individual's desires - dominant account of contemporary economists and philosophers - subjective, wanting
27
What are the advantages of Desire Theories?
- obv link between individual's welfare and their motives - Flexible enough to accomodate all the diff things that people seek out & want in life - consistent with modern sensibility
28
What are the disadvantages of Desire Theories?
- Desires can be self-sacrificial or hostile to one's own interests or have no bearing on one's life (to gain 1 desire, u may need to sacrifice another - move for dream job) - not all desires are equally weighted - Desires adapt to the possibilities that people face (adaptation theory - people adapt to their acutal life circumstances) - Miswanting can occur - overestimate how much something we desire will actually make us happy
29
What is the Monetary desire-fulfillment theory (desire theory extension)?
- Ppl r rational and choose best available option to max well-being - increase well-being by increasing available options - Money allows one to increase available options - wealth is indirect indicator of well-being
30
What is the Affective desire-fulfillment theory (desire theory extension)?
Pleasant/unpleasant feelings reveal desire fulfillment - Objectively ex. Pain as an indicator of health problems - Subjectively ex. my life is going the way I want it too
31
What are the problems with affective desire-fulfillment theory?
- problems with reliance on self-reported feelings - can have pos affect without changes in desire fulfillment - not all desired fulfillment is linked to strong emotion - emotion and cognitive evolutions are made by diff neural systems
32
What is the Cognitive desire-fulfillment theory (desire theory extension)?
Based on judgements of whether desires are fulfiled. Can choose what info to use as basis Self-report judgements of desire fulfilment Problem: How valid r people's judgements of all domains of their lives
33
What are List theories? What is an advantage?
Identify well-being with some list of things that we need to have (friendship, knowledge, accomplishment, pleasure) -Eudaimonic, Objective, Needing - they argue it needs to be universal Advantages: Items of the list have intuitive appeal & seem to encompass the full rnage of our intuitions about well-being
34
What are disadvantages of list theories?
How does one decide what goes on the list? Must have some principled basis for what goes on that list - Little agreement on items across diff lists
35
What are examples of list theories?
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs - can only have those self-fulfillment lists once u satisfy the lower level needs Capabilities Approach - core list of 10 capabilities (life, bodily health, senses etc.)
36
What are Eudaimonic theories?
Well-being as Well-functioning - similar to list theories but more guided by theory (Eudaimonic, objectivist, needing) Advantages: offers distinction between subjective happiness & well-being, locates role of value in well-being Disadvantages: How can what benefits me depend on what human beings in general r like? - link between virtue & well-being is weaker than posited. - Ex. ruthless CEO, who is quite satisfied
37
What's the difference between Eudaimonic and List Theories?
Eudaimonic theories has a basis of what goes on the list, well-being is a person that lives up to that. Lists are subjective. Objective vs. Subjective
38
What are Authentic Hapiness theories?
Sumner: Well-being is being informed about the conditions of one's life and being autonomous - happiness reflects values that are one's own & not those that r a result of manipulation or oppressive social conditioning - subjectivist Advantages: Attempts to rectify the problems of hedonic & desire fulfillment theories - involves both hedonistic feelings & cognitive evaluation of life Diadvantages: People can't be authentically happy ??
39
Can we integrate these different conceptualizations of well-being?
PERMA Model P - postive emotions - high levels of pos affect and low neg affect E - engagement - activities that lead to deep involvement & flow R - relationships - good quality relationships with family/friends, others M - meaning - pursuing experiences that r meaningful or allows for connecting with something greater than yourself A - accomplihment - achieving goals, leads to experiencing pride & fulfillment
40
What is Positive Psychology
- scientific & applied approach to uncovering people's strenghts & promoting pos functioning - deals with pos experiences, dispositions, contexts & processes in individuals and groups that facilitate well-being, achievement ans harmony - pos psych wants us to learn what's good about us instead of focusing on the bad
41
Which ancient Greek schools of Moral Philosophy proposed that pleasure was important for well-being?
The Cyrenaics and Epicureans
42
Which of the following proposed that Virtue was important for well-being
Plato, Aristotle and Stoics
43
Nozick's "experience machine" thought experiment was proposed as a challenge to:
Hedonic thoeries of well-being
44
Which theory proposed tha well-being derives from getting what you want?
Desire theories of well-being

PSY324 (7 decks)

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