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BPK 303 > Lecture 6 - Motor and Sensory Function > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Motor and Sensory Function Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A
  • The somatic nervous system innervates the skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle)
  • Somatic efferent nerve firing excites muscle activity
  • Composed of somatic parts of the CNS and PNS
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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • The autonomic nervous system innervates smooth muscle (involuntary) in the intestines, sweat, and salivary glands, myocardium and some endocrine glands
  • Functions as a unit to maintain constancy in the internal environment
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3
Q

Somatic sensory system

A

transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors

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4
Q

Somatic motor system

A

Innervates only skeletal muscle, stimulating voluntary and reflexive movement by causing the muscle to contract, as occurs in response to touching a hot flame

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5
Q

Peripheral nerves

A
  • A unique type of inert tissue in that they are not contractile tissue, but they are necessary for the normal functioning of voluntary muscle
  • Can be sensory, motor, or mixed
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6
Q

What is muscular weakness

A

Lack of muscle strength as a result of morphological factors, physiological, metabolic factors, or a lesion or disease of the muscle, its tendons, or the bony insertion

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7
Q

What are the morphological factors of muscle weakness

A
  • muscle cross-sectional area
  • arrangement of muscle fibres
  • fibre-type distribution
  • fascicle length
  • tendon stiffness
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8
Q

What are ways to test muscle strength

A
  • Single rep max
  • MMT
  • Hand help dynamometers
  • Modified sphygmomanometer
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9
Q

Motor impairment

A

Muscle weakness, if elicited, may be caused by:
- Upper motor neuron lesion
- A nerve root lesion
- Injury to a peripheral nerve
- Pathology at the neuromuscular junction

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10
Q

Myotomes

A
  • groups of muscles that are predominantly supplied by a single nerve root
  • A lesion of a single nerve root is usually associated with paresis of the myotome
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11
Q

Testing myotomes

A
  • examiner should place the test joint(s) in a neutral or resting position and then apply a resisted isometric force
  • The contraction should be held for at least 5 seconds and repeated 3 times to show if there is fatiguable weakness
  • Positive findings indicate neurological impairment as opposed to muscle weakness
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12
Q

Upper motor neuron syndrome

A
  • includes lesions involving the cortical spinal pathways
  • Levels of involvement include: cortex, internal capsule, brainstem, and spinal cord
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13
Q

Lower motor neuron syndrome

A

Damage to the lower motor neuron cell bodies or their peripheral axons

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14
Q

Negative features for upper motor neuron syndrome

A
  • weakness
  • slowness or movement
  • impaired coordination
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15
Q

Positive features for upper motor neuron syndrome

A
  • spasticity
  • hyperactive reflexes
  • rigidity
  • intentional tremors
  • dystonia
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16
Q

Negative features for lower motor neuron syndrome

A
  • paresis
  • Hyporeflexia
  • rapid atrophy
  • fatigue
17
Q

Positive features for lower motor neuron syndrome

A
  • fasciculations (involuntary muscle contraction)
  • spasms
18
Q

Sensation

A
  • Sensation is the conscious perception of basic sensory input
19
Q

Sensibility

A

the neutral events occurring at the periphery nerve fibres. and nerve receptors

20
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract

A
  • type A alpha and C fibre
  • small diameter, unmyelinated
  • Discriminative aspects including location and intensity
  • Light touch and pressure
21
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract route

A
  • Peripheral receptor
  • enters the spinal cord
  • synapses in the dorsal horn
  • decussates (crosses) - can ascend a few levels prior to decussating
  • travels up the spinothalamic tract (anterolateral pathway)
  • synapses in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus ( thalamus)
  • Terminates in tei primary somatosensory cortex
22
Q

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway

A
  • type a alpha and a beta
  • large diameter, myelinated
  • proprioception, vibration and fine touch
23
Q

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway route

A
  • peripheral receptor
  • enters spinal cord and travels up the dorsal column
  • synapses in the dorsal column nucleus (medulla)
  • Decussates
  • travels up the medial lemniscus pathway
  • synapse in raw ventral posterior lateral nucleus (thalamus)
  • terminates in the primary somatosensory cortex
24
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A
  • Type a alpha and type c
  • pain and temperature
25
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract route

A

The pathway crosses over at the level of the spinal cord, rather than in the brainstem like the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

26
Q

Dermatome

A
  • the area of skin supplies by a single nerve root
  • the area innervated by a nerve root is larger than that innervated by a puerperal nerve
27
Q

Peripheral cutaneous nerve

A

the subcutaneous tissue supply the skin

28
Q

Hyporeflexia

A

an absent or diminished response to tapping. It usually indicated a disease that involves one or more of the components of the neuron reflex arc

29
Q

Hyperreflexia

A
  • hyperactive or repeating (clonic) reflexes
  • usually indicate an interruption of corticospinal and other descending pathways that influence the reflex arc due to a suprasegmental lesion, that is, a lesion above the level of the spinal reflex pathway
30
Q

Deep tendon reflexes

A
  • results from sit,ulation of the stretch-sensitive IA afferents of the neuromuscular spindle producing muscle contraction via a monosynaptic pathway
  • tested by tapping sharply over the muscle tendon
    are increases in UMN syndrome and decreases in LMN syndrome
31
Q

What is the DTR grading

A

0 - Absent (areflexia)
1 - diminished (Hyporeflexia)
2 - Average
3 - exaggerated (brisk)
4 - clonus, very brisk (hyperreflexia)

32
Q

Proprioceptive reflexes

A

Clonus
- extension of the wrist or dorsiflexion of the ankle - apply quick overpressure
- positive sign includes more than 3 involuntary beats (1 or 2 beats is normal)

33
Q

Cutaneous reflexes

A
  • light stroke applied to skin
  • the expected response is brief contraction of muscles innervated by the same spinal segments receiving the afferent inputs from the cutaneous receptors
34
Q

Babinski reflex

A
  • Pathology: pyramidal tract lesion
  • Procedure: stroke lateral aspect of the sole of the foot
  • Positive: big toe extends and 4 lateral digits fan out
  • Normal: all toes flex
    Positive: corticospinal tract disruption (pyramidal)

BPK 303 (5 decks)

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