lecture 6- memory part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is source memory?

A

the context within which the words appeared

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2
Q

what is the role of the medial temporal lobe

A

more familiarity the more activation of the brain areas

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3
Q

strong activity for recollection in what brain area

A

hippocampus

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4
Q

what is connected to the hippocampus

A

mamillary bodies

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5
Q

what types of memory are spared from hippocampal damage?

A

procedural, semantic and familiarity

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6
Q

what is the experiment into episodic versus familaitiy

A

half of words paried with an image whislt the others with a sound. fmri scan during encoding and retrieval.

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what is source memory?

A

the context within which the words appeared.

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9
Q

the MTL is more active when…

A

more familiar

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10
Q

what has strong activity during recollection?

A

hippocampus, the mamillary bodies are connected to the hippocampus.

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11
Q

what memories are spared from hippocampal damage?

A

procedural, semantic and familiarity.

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12
Q

what is the study into episodic versus familiarity memory

A

pair half of words with image and other half with sounds and teh fMRI scan during encoding and retreival.

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13
Q

what did the fMRI scan find in the brain?

A

with the images activation in primary visual areas and with sound primary auditory areas.

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14
Q

memories are stored where…

A

in the higher order sensory areas.

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15
Q

left prefrontal cortex is active… and right prefrontal cortex is active…

A

during episodic encoding… episodic retrieval

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16
Q

what are two types of effects that can happen if there is a lesion in the semantic memory

A

apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia

17
Q

what is apperceptive agnosia?

A

not able to draw an object they are asked to

18
Q

associative agnosia

A

they can’t see objects parts as a whole object

19
Q

legions to semantic memory are found in…

A

the medial temporal lobe.

20
Q

where is familiarity memory stored?

A

in and around the entorhinal/perirhinal cortex.

21
Q

where are episodic memories stored?

A

in higher order sensory areas.

22
Q

what two receptors are activated y glutamate?

A

AMPA and NDMA

23
Q

what is an NDMA receptor?

A

naturally blocked by the magnesium molecule, unbloking occurs when the proteins form the channel shift following the bindinng of glutamtate to the binding site.

24
Q

what are the two reasons for changes in connectivity strength?

A

long term potentiation or long term depression

25
Q

what is early LTP

A

occurs after high-frequency stimulation, activates NDMA receptors which influxes calcium ions. it intially strengthens synaptic connections.

26
Q

what is meant by a calcium influx

A

calcium ions neter neuron they signal protein making which is essential of cellular function, creates more synapses.

27
Q

late LTP

A

stronger prolong signal event- additional cellular processes that changes structure e.g. new synapses or dendrite growth.

28
Q

morris water maze

A

train animal to find hidden platform using spatial cues in surrouding environment- studie hippocampal function- disruption of hippocampus means poor performance on tasks.

29
Q

what does an increase of calcium trigger

A

the release of a neurotransmitter

30
Q

how does long term potentiation affect neural connections

A

it strengthens them by increasing the efficacy of synaptic transmission.

31
Q

what neurotransmitters are at the post synapse

A

sodium and potassium.

32
Q

who is R.B.

A

heart bypass surgery- suffered similar issues to HM due to a subsection of his hippocampus.

33
Q

what is the mismatch field and what did it suggest about echoic memory?

A

for undetected sounds- sugggested it lasts 10s becuase as shown by the decrease in area between standard and deviant sounds with time.

34
Q

how did they study the left and right frontal cortex.

A

participants silently named either tools or animals, found that after isolating them tools activated the LH more with motor function and language whereas animals used visual processing, object recognition and language.

35
Q

what areas specifically were active in the frontal cortexs

A

calcarine sulcus and fusiform gyrus.