lecture 6- memory part 2

Question 1

what is source memory?

Answer 1

the context within which the words appeared

Question 2

what is the role of the medial temporal lobe

Answer 2

more familiarity the more activation of the brain areas

Question 3

strong activity for recollection in what brain area

Answer 3

hippocampus

Question 4

what is connected to the hippocampus

Answer 4

mamillary bodies

Question 5

what types of memory are spared from hippocampal damage?

Answer 5

procedural, semantic and familiarity

Question 6

what is the experiment into episodic versus familaitiy

Answer 6

half of words paried with an image whislt the others with a sound. fmri scan during encoding and retrieval.

Question 8

what is source memory?

Answer 8

the context within which the words appeared.

Question 9

the MTL is more active when…

Answer 9

more familiar

Question 10

what has strong activity during recollection?

Answer 10

hippocampus, the mamillary bodies are connected to the hippocampus.

Question 11

what memories are spared from hippocampal damage?

Answer 11

procedural, semantic and familiarity.

Question 12

what is the study into episodic versus familiarity memory

Answer 12

pair half of words with image and other half with sounds and teh fMRI scan during encoding and retreival.

Question 13

what did the fMRI scan find in the brain?

Answer 13

with the images activation in primary visual areas and with sound primary auditory areas.

Question 14

memories are stored where…

Answer 14

in the higher order sensory areas.

Question 15

left prefrontal cortex is active… and right prefrontal cortex is active…

Answer 15

during episodic encoding… episodic retrieval

Question 16

what are two types of effects that can happen if there is a lesion in the semantic memory

Answer 16

apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia

Question 17

what is apperceptive agnosia?

Answer 17

not able to draw an object they are asked to

Question 18

associative agnosia

Answer 18

they can’t see objects parts as a whole object

Question 19

legions to semantic memory are found in…

Answer 19

the medial temporal lobe.

Question 20

where is familiarity memory stored?

Answer 20

in and around the entorhinal/perirhinal cortex.

Question 21

where are episodic memories stored?

Answer 21

in higher order sensory areas.

Question 22

what two receptors are activated y glutamate?

Answer 22

AMPA and NDMA

Question 23

what is an NDMA receptor?

Answer 23

naturally blocked by the magnesium molecule, unbloking occurs when the proteins form the channel shift following the bindinng of glutamtate to the binding site.

Question 24

what are the two reasons for changes in connectivity strength?

Answer 24

long term potentiation or long term depression

Question 25

what is early LTP

Answer 25

occurs after high-frequency stimulation, activates NDMA receptors which influxes calcium ions. it intially strengthens synaptic connections.

Question 26

what is meant by a calcium influx

Answer 26

calcium ions neter neuron they signal protein making which is essential of cellular function, creates more synapses.

Question 27

late LTP

Answer 27

stronger prolong signal event- additional cellular processes that changes structure e.g. new synapses or dendrite growth.

Question 28

morris water maze

Answer 28

train animal to find hidden platform using spatial cues in surrouding environment- studie hippocampal function- disruption of hippocampus means poor performance on tasks.

Question 29

what does an increase of calcium trigger

Answer 29

the release of a neurotransmitter

Question 30

how does long term potentiation affect neural connections

Answer 30

it strengthens them by increasing the efficacy of synaptic transmission.

Question 31

what neurotransmitters are at the post synapse

Answer 31

sodium and potassium.

Question 32

who is R.B.

Answer 32

heart bypass surgery- suffered similar issues to HM due to a subsection of his hippocampus.

Question 33

what is the mismatch field and what did it suggest about echoic memory?

Answer 33

for undetected sounds- sugggested it lasts 10s becuase as shown by the decrease in area between standard and deviant sounds with time.

Question 34

how did they study the left and right frontal cortex.

Answer 34

participants silently named either tools or animals, found that after isolating them tools activated the LH more with motor function and language whereas animals used visual processing, object recognition and language.

Question 35

what areas specifically were active in the frontal cortexs

Answer 35

calcarine sulcus and fusiform gyrus.