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PATH201 > Lecture 6 - Inflammation (TBC) > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Inflammation (TBC) Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

The process of inflammation through which our body’s tissues initially respond to infection or injury

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2
Q

Why do we have inflammation?

A

The body needs a way of eliminating injured tissue and infectious agents and repairing tissue damage

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3
Q

What can acute inflammation be in response of?

A

Infections
Necrosis
Ionising radiation
Extreme cold
Burns
Toxins
Trauma
Ischaemia

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4
Q

What are the local clinical features of acute inflammation?

A

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Loss of function

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5
Q

What is redness caused by in acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation

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6
Q

What factors are involved with vasodilation in acute inflammation?

A

Histamine
Prostaglandin

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7
Q

What is swelling caused by in acute inflammation?

A

Inflammatory exudate resulting from increased vascular permeability

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8
Q

What factors are involved with swelling in acute inflammation?

A

Histamine
Leukotrienes

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9
Q

What is heat caused by in acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation

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10
Q

What is pain caused by in acute inflammation?

A

Tissue damage

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11
Q

What is loss of function caused by in acute inflammation?

A

Tissue damage

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12
Q

What is loss of function caused by in acute inflammation?

A

Tissue damage

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13
Q

What factors are involved with pain in acute inflammation?

A

Prostaglandin
Bradykinin

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14
Q

What factors are involved with loss of function in acute inflammation?

A

ROS
NO
Lysosomal enzymes

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15
Q

What are the different patterns of acute inflammation?

A

Purulent (suppurative) Inflammation
Serous Inflammation
Fibrinous Inflammation

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16
Q

What is purulent (suppurative) inflammation characterized by?

A

Characterized by production of pus (an inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils and fluid and liquefied debris of necrotic cells) - primarily cellular
- Pimple

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17
Q

What is purulent (suppurative) inflammation caused by?

A

Caused by pyogenic (pus-producing) organisms that cause tissue necrosis and liquefaction.

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18
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Abscess is a localized collection of pus.

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19
Q

What is pus?

A

an inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils and fluid and liquefied debris of necrotic cells

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20
Q

What is serous inflammation characterized by?

A

Characterized by a fluid rich, cell-poor exudate
- a skin blister or a runny nose

21
Q

Where does serous inflammation occur?

A

Occurs in peritoneum, pleura, pericardium.

22
Q

What is fibrinous inflammation characterized by?

A

Characterized by a fibrinogen-rich exudate
and fibrin deposition

23
Q

Where can fibrinous inflammation occur?

A

pericardium and peritoneum

24
Q

What are the four steps of acute inflammatory response?

A
  1. Recognition
    - Pattern Recognition Receptors
    - Vascular changes
  2. Recruitment
    - of leukocytes
  3. Removal of the agent
    - killing and degradation
    - ROS/NO
    - phagocytosis
  4. Resolution
25
Q

What two types of sentinel cells in tissues are important initiators of acute inflammation?

A

Macrophages and mast cells

26
Q

What are macrophages?

A
  • Monocytes differentiate into macrophages in the tissue
  • Long-lived in tissue
  • Phagocytic
  • Produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (esp. IL1b and TNFa) in response to damage/pathogens
27
Q

What are mast cells?

A
  • Tissue resident cells that can be long lived
  • Contain numerous granules
  • Release chemical mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandin
  • Released chemicals mediate vascular changes, pain
  • Mast cells can survive degranulation
28
Q

What do macrophages produce in acute inflammation?

A

Produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (esp. IL1b and
TNFa) in response to damage/pathogens

29
Q

What do mast cells release in acute inflammation?

A

Release chemical mediators such as histamine,
leukotrienes and prostaglandin

30
Q

How do macrophages and mast cells recognise antigen for acute inflammation?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

31
Q

What do pattern recognition receptor recognise?

A

PAMPs and DAMPs

32
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Damage-associated molecular patterns

33
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

34
Q

What is released after DAMP recognition?

A

Chemical mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandin

35
Q

What is released after PAMP recognition?

A

Chemical mediators including:
-histamine
-prostaglandin
-leukotrienes

36
Q

What can acute inflammation can measured by?

A
  • increased temperature
  • increased acute phase proteins in serum (e.g. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen – measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate – ESR)
  • increased neutrophils in blood
37
Q

What do the vascular mediators in acute inflammation mediate?

A

Vasodilation and vascular permeability

38
Q

What vascular mediators cause vasodilation?

A

Prostaglandin and Histamine

39
Q

What vascular mediators alter vasuclar permeability?

A

Leukotrienes
Histamine

40
Q

What are the two main cells in step 2 of acute inflammation? (recruitment of leukocytes)

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

41
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Large, granular phagocytic cells with a multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear cells)

42
Q

What recruits neutrophils in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils are recruited into tissues in response to proinflammatory cytokines e.g. IL-1b and TNFa

43
Q

What is the life span of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils are short-lived
- Half-life 4 – 10 h in circulation, 1 - 2 days in tissue

44
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Large phagocytic cells found in the blood which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, TNFa)

45
Q

What is the circulation time of monocytes in blood?

A

Circulation time 20 - 40 hours in
blood

46
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The process of cells in the blood moving through the vessel wall (endothelium) to the tissues

47
Q

What are the steps in the movement of leukocytes from the blood to affected tissue?

A
  1. Cytokine production from tissue macrophage
  2. Vessels become sticky and leaky
  3. Margination: Slow flow, high viscosity
  4. Rolling: Leukocytes attracted
  5. Adhesion: Leukocyte stick to vessels
    6: Diapedesis
    7: Chemotaxis: Leukocytes attracted by chemokines (esp IL8)
48
Q

What is the order for the kinetics of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Edema
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Monocytes/macrophages
49
Q

What do macrophages and neutrophils release for the removal of agent in acute inflammation?

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Lysosomal enzymes

PATH201 (5 decks)

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