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PATH201 > Lecture 3 - Cell death (tbc) > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Cell death (tbc) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of reversible cell injury?

A

Decrease in cell function

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2
Q

What are the effects of irreversible cell injury?

A

In order:
Cell death due to biochemical alterations
Ultrastructural changes
Light microscopic changes
Gross morphological changes

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3
Q

What are the two types of cell death?

A

Necrosis
Apoptosis

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4
Q

What cellular stress is necrosis a response of?

A

Cell injury
Sustained reduction in ATP
Damage to lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Inflammation

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5
Q

How is apoptosis signalled?

A

Mitochondrial damage causes leakage of cytochrome c, signalling the cell to die by apoptosis

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6
Q

When does apoptosis occur?

A

Accumulation of misfolded proteins
DNA damage
Inflammation

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7
Q

What cell injury can cuase either necrosis or apoptosis?

A

Inflammation

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8
Q

What does Ca+ influx do during cell injury/death?

A

Calcium influx activates enzymes such as ATPase, phospholipase, protease and endonuclease (damages chromatin). Ca2+ influx also directly activated caspases

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9
Q

What happens during necrosis?

A

Enzymatic digestion of cell
- Autolysis and heterolysis
- Denaturation of cellular protein
- Cell contents leak out

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10
Q

What nuclear damage can occur during necrosis?

A

Karyolysis - nuclear fading
Pyknosis - nuclear shrinkage
Karyorrhexis - nuclear fragmentation

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11
Q

What are the different morphological types of necrosis?

A

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fatty
Gangrenous

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12
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

Necrosis where the tissue architecture retained

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13
Q

Where does coagulative necrosis occur?

A

Occurs in the heart and kidneys (commonly due to hypoxia)

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14
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

Necrosis where there is cellular destruction and pus formation

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15
Q

When does liquefactive necrosis occur?

A

Often caused by bacteria/fungal infection, also following brain ischaemia

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16
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

A combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

17
Q

What is the appearance of caseous necrosis?

A

Cheesy

18
Q

Where does fatty necrosis occur?

A

Pancreas or breast

19
Q

What is fatty necrosis caused by?

A

Caused by lipases

20
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis a response to?

A

Severe hypoxia (eg frostbite) and subsequent bacterial infection

21
Q

What is the cell morphology of necrosis?

A

Disruption of plasma membranes

22
Q

What does necrosis invoke?

A

Invokes inflammatory response which ultimately leads to clearing of the necrotic material and healing

23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

“Cell suicide” - programmed cell death which can be either physiological or pathological

24
Q

What is the cell morphology of apoptosis?

A
  • Cell shrinkage
  • Chromatin condensation
  • Cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies
  • Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by adjacent cells
  • Membranes and organelles preserved
25
Q

What are apoptotic cells phagocytosed by?

A

Macrophages

26
Q

What are the differences in necrosis and apoptosis?

A

Necrosis: Always pathological, affects adjacent group of cells, cell size increase, passive, inflammatory reaction, plasma membrane disrupted.
Apoptosis: Either physiological or pathological, affect single cells, cell size shrunken, active, no inflammatory reaction, membrane intact

27
Q

Apoptosis is characterized by
a) Reduced cell size AND disrupted cell membrane
b) Increased cell size AND disrupted cell membrane
c) Reduced cell size AND intact cell membrane
d) Increased cell size AND intact cell membrane
e) Inflammation

A

c) Reduced cell size AND intact cell membrane

28
Q

Necrosis is characterized by
a) Reduced cell size AND disrupted cell membrane
b) Increased cell size AND disrupted cell membrane
c) Reduced cell size AND intact cell membrane
d) Increased cell size AND intact cell membrane
e) Fragmentation into oligonucleosome fragments

A

b) Increased cell size AND disrupted cell membrane

PATH201 (5 decks)

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