Lecture 6- Enzymes/Metabolic Process Flashcards
What is an enzyme?
A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction.
Requires a certain amount of energy.
Catalyst can be used, but not used up.
How do enzymes speed a chemical reaction?
Enzymes lower activation energy of biochemical reactions by attaching to the reactants (substrates).
Enzymes do a specific job, and have specific shapes.
When the enzyme combines with the substrate it destabilizes the bonds, speeding up the reaction.
How do substrates bind to enzymes?
Enzymes only catalyze one or a few reactions.
They are specific because they have a particular shape that only fits particular substrates.
Enzymes have a binding site for the substrate called ….
The active site.
Induced fit is…
When the substrate binds to the active site, the enzyme changes shape to fit perfectly.
How are enzymes named?
Each enzyme has a unique name because it catalyzes a specific reaction.
The first part of an enzyme’s name is….
The name of the substrate.
The second part of the enzyme’s name indicates…
The type of reaction it will catalyze.
All enzyme names end in…
“ase”.
Polymerase
Why do enzymes need vitamins?
There are substrates that help enzymes do their job- either Cofactors (general term) or Coenzymes (specifically organic).
Vitamins are essentially coenzymes, organic molecules that…
Help enzymes do their job.
Vitamins must be acquired from…
The diet.
Cells cannot make them.
The rate at which an enzyme can bind to a substrate is called…
The turnover number
Maximum turnover number occurs under the ideal conditions for that enzyme.
Each enzyme has ideal conditions that include:
Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Enzymatic competition…
Occurs when more than one enzyme interacts with the same substrate.
Each enzyme converts the substrate to a different product.
The enzymes that “wins” is the one that is the most abundant at the time.
Each enzyme converts the substrate to a….
Different product
The enzyme that “wins” is…
The one that is the most abundant at the time.
Certain chemicals in the cell turn particular enzyme producing genes on or off depending on the situation called…
Gene-regulator proteins
Gene-repressor proteins
Decrease the amount of an enzyme made
Gene-activator proteins
Increase the amount of enzymes made
Molecules that attach to enzymes and make them unable to bind to substrates are called
Inhibitors
Some examples of enzyme inhibitors are…
Many drugs, pesticides and herbicides
Organisms obtain energy through…
Enzyme-catalyze biochemical reactions.
Biochemical reactions break chemical bonds, releasing…
Internal potential energy and heat.
There are 2 main types of biochemical pathways…
Catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism is…
The breaking down of compounds.
Anabolism is…
The building of larger compounds.
ATP=
Energy; the power supply for cells
AMP can…
Recharge to ADP
Reactions that include transfers of electrons are called….
Redox
Redox transfers carry energy from a high-energy molecule to
A low- energy molecule
Special molecules can receive the “excited” electrons and harness that energy:
The electron carriers
NAD, NADP,FAD
ATP comes from taking energy from enzymes, also called…
Movement of electrons
Proton pump concentrates protons in a small space, that “pressure” causes…
Diffusion
As diffusion occurs the protons pass a special protein (enzyme) called…
ATPase
ATPase uses the energy released from the diffusion of the protons to make…
ATP from ADP
Organisms are classified based on…
The kind of energy they use.
Autotrophs (auto) use energy from…
Sunlight to make ATP
Uses ATP to make organic molecules (sugar) via photosynthesis
Heterotrophs (manual) obtain organic molecules by eating…
Use energy in the organic molecules to make ATP
Autotrophs
Aerobic respiration is
A series of enzyme controlled reactions used to yield energy
3 steps of aerobic respiration are:
Glycolysis, kreb’s cycle and electron -transport system (ETS)
Glycolysis is
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Requires 2 ATP molecules
Involves the breakdown of glucose into purification acid
Reaction makes 4 ATP molecules
Kreb’s cycle
Occurs in the mitochondrion
Breaks down pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) in two acetyl, then enters the cycle
Energy is not used-straight profit…ATP is produced along with 4 NADH and FADH2
Steps of photosynthesis
Light energy + carbon dioxide + water–> glucose and oxygen
The 3 events of photosynthesis…
- Light-capturing events
Chlorophyll absorbs certain wavelengths of light and some of its electrons become excited. - Light-dependent reactions
These reactions use the energy in the excited electrons to make ATP, produce hydrogen and oxygen as byproducts - Light-dependent reactions
ATP from the light reactions is used to reduce carbon dioxide to make glucose
