Lecture 6 - Autonomic/Endocrine System: Stress Response Flashcards
what are the two classes of pituitary?
anterior and posterior
does the anterior or posterior pituitary:
respond to releasing + inhibiting hormones from ventral hypothalamus
anterior
does the anterior or posterior pituitary:
respond directly to hypothalamic neurons
posterior
what does the anterior pituitary release?
GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIH, GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, CH, PRL
how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus? and with what type of connection
via the hypophyseal portal system (vascular connection)
how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus? and with what type of connection
via the hypothalamic - hypophyseal tract (neural connection)
what does the posterior pituitary release?
oxytocin + ADH
how many hormones does the hypothalamus release?
9
how many hormones does the pituitary release?
7
hypothalamus main function
release + inhibit hormones to control pituitary
pituitary main function
controlling endocrine organs
what 4 things does both the hypothalamus and pituitary regulate
growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis
what is a secondary plexus?
network of capillaries connecting posterior and anterior pituitary capillaries
what 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla release?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what 2 hormones does the adrenal cortex release?
- mineralo-corticoids (e.g. aldeosterone)
- glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
what stimulates the adrenal medulla?
acetylcholine from sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
what 2 things stimulate the adrenal cortex?
- increased K+ and angiotensin II in blood
- ACTH from pituitary
what is the main function of the adrenal medulla?
enhance sympathetic autonomic alarm system
what are the main 2 functions of the adrenal cortex?
- increase blood Na+, water, decrease blood K+ —> increase blood volume/pressure
- resistance reaction to stress, dampen inflammation, depress immune response
reason for why cortisol breaks down proteins?
used for synthesis of new proteins and ATP production
reason for why cortisol does glucogenesis in liver?
neuron/cell ATP production
reason for why cortisol does lipolysis?
breaks down triglycerides/fatty acids into blood
what things does cortisol resist? (by using increased glucose and ATP)
stresses
e.g. exercise, fasting, fright, extreme temp, bleeding, infection, etc
what effect does cortisol have on blood vessels and how does this affect blood pressure?
vasoconstriction
increases blood pressure
what 2 effects does cortisol inhibiting white blood cells have in inflammatory responses?
limit tissue damage + slows down tissue repair/wound healing
does cortisol suppress or stimulate immune responses?
suppress
what are the 3 stages of the stress response?
alarm response
extended alarm response
resistance response
what 2 ways does the neuroendocrine system affect the immune system?
via hormones and autonomic nerves
how does the immune system affect the neuroendocrine system?
cytokines
description of eustress (acute)
prepares to meet certain challenges, helpful
description of distress (chronic)
associated with undesirable event, potentially harmful
what is stress cardiomyopathy syndrome
experience acute stress which weakens heart muscle
effects of hostility of the heart (4)
chronic sympathetic system activation, cardiac damage, constricted capillary blood flow, increased BP
