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Kinesiology and Pathomechanics > Lecture #6 (Ankle & Foot) > Flashcards

Lecture #6 (Ankle & Foot) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the ankle?

A

Unites the foot and leg

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2
Q

How many bones and joints are there in the ankle?

A

28 bones

25 joints

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3
Q

What are the three regions of the foot?

A

Forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot

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4
Q

What is causes the foot position of slight external rotation when standing?

A

Tibial torsion

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5
Q

What is the normal tibial torsion?

A

Rotation of the tibial that occurs naturally laterally at the distal end of 20-40 degrees

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6
Q

What percentage of a force/load is placed on the fibula? Can this increase or decrease?

A

6-7%

**It can increase slightly during dorsiflexion & eversion

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7
Q

What is the ankle mortise?

A

Distal tibiofibular joint

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8
Q

Once the force of the body’s weight hits the talocrural joint, what happens?

A

50% is taken by the calcaneous and 50% is taken by the foot

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9
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis (it has an interosseous membrane)

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10
Q

What are the two joints of the ankle?

A

Subtalar and tibio-talar (talocrural) joints

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11
Q

What is the open pack position for the talocrural joint? The closed packed?

A 
Open= 10 degrees plantar flexion
Closed= full dorsiflexion
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12
Q

What is the open packed position for the subtalar joint?

A

Subtalar neutral

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13
Q

What makes up the talocrural joint?

A

The articulation of the talus with the tibia and fibula (makes a mortise)

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14
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

Modified hinge joint

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15
Q

What is the orientation of the axis for the talocrural joint?

A

Oblique…18 degrees in the transverse plane laterally and 14 degrees in the frontal plane laterally…so it runs from superior/medial/anterior to inferior/lateral/posterior

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16
Q

What are the primary motions of the talocrural joint?

A

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

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17
Q

In what plane does dorsiflexion and plantar flexion occur in? Axis?

A

Sagittal plane

Horizontal axis

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18
Q

In what plane does ankle adduction and abduction occur in? Axis?

A

Transverse plane

Vertical axis

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19
Q

In what plane does ankle inversion and eversion occur in? Axis?

A

Frontal plane

A/P axis

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20
Q

What does dorsiflexion do to the foot?

A

Brings it up, slightly laterally, and longitudinally out

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21
Q

What does plantar flexion do the foot?

A

Brings it down, slightly medially, and longitudinally in

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22
Q

True or false:

The talus is broader anteriorly and narrower posteriorly.T

A

True…this is important because high ankle sprains occur during dorsiflexion because the broader talus is locked in between the malleoli. (Normal ankle sprains occur with the foot in some plantar flexion because there is a gap between the talus and the malleloi).

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23
Q

How prevalent are high ankle sprains?

A

1-11% of ankle sprains

24
Q

If you widen the space of the tibiatalar joint by 1 mm, how much does it decrease the joint contact area?

A

By 42%

25
Q

What does abduction and adduction at the foot mimick?

A

Internal and external rotation

26
Q

True or false:

The talus is considered both part of the ankle and the foot.

A

True

27
Q

True or false:

70% of the talus is covered with cartilage. Why or why not?

A

True because the talus is a part of three joints (talocrural, subtalar, and transverse tarsal) and so it is covered in a lot of cartilage

28
Q

Where is the joint capsule of the ankle the strongest? Why?

A

Medially because of the deltoid ligament

29
Q

What are the medial ligaments of the talocrural joint?

A

Deltoid (4 parts…tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, ant. tibiotalar and posterior tibiotalar)
Spring ligament

30
Q

Where does the spring ligament run? What does it help do?

A

Sustentaculum tali to the navicular…helps to support the longitudinal arch

31
Q

What are the three bands of the lateral ligaments of the talocrural joint? What other structure is found on the lateral ankle?

A

1-posterior talofibular
2-anterior talofibular
3-calcaneofibular
Peroneal retinaculum (helps hold peroneals under lateral malleolus)

32
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

The joint between the talus and the calcaneus

33
Q

What are the motions of the subtalar joint? Their planes and axes?

A 
Inversion/Eversion= frontal plane & A/P axis
Calcaneal abduction (valgus)/adduction(varus)= transverse plane & vertical axis
34
Q

What is the orientation of the axis of the subtalar joint?

A

42 degrees from the frontal plane…it’s almost halfway between the transverse and frontal planes

35
Q

What is the ROM for ankle eversion? Inversion?

A

Eversion=5-10 degrees

Inversioin= 20-30 degrees

36
Q

Does the talus remain relatively free or fixed during calcaneal motion in the open chain?

A

Free

37
Q

What constitutes pronation of the foot?

A 
Calcaneal eversion (subtalar)
Calcaneal abduction (subtalar)
Talocrural dorsiflexion
**Usually forefoot supination
38
Q

What constitues supination of the foot?

A

Calcaneal inversion (subtalar)
Calcaneal adduction (subtalar)
Talocrural plantar flexion
**Usually forefoot pronation

39
Q

What occurs with pronation of the foot that causes tibial internal rotation (rolling in of the foot)?

A

Calcaneal valgus

40
Q

What occurs with supination of the foot that causes tibial external rotation (rolling out of the foot)?

A

Calcaneal varus

41
Q

Between calcaneal varus and valgus, which one lengthens the leg and which one shortens the leg?

A 
Varus= longer
Valgus= shorter
42
Q

From what point do we assess or measure the ROM of the subtalar joint?

A

Subtalar neutral

43
Q

True or false:

During subtalar motion, the calcaneus will invert twice as much as it will evert.

A

True…we tend to invert more than we evert

44
Q

What are the two arches of the foot?

A 
Longitudinal= from the heel to the heads of the metatarsals
Transverse= the concavity from side to side (anterior tarsal bones and metatarsals)
45
Q

What is the keystone of the transverse arch? The longitudinal arch?

A 
Transverse= 2nd cuneiform
Longitudinal= talus (and some navicular)
46
Q

What two structures help to maintain the arch of the foot?

A

Spring ligament and plantar fascia

47
Q

What is the transverse tarsal joint?

A

The division between the rearfoot and the forefoot

48
Q

What does the transverse tarsal joint do?

A

Adds to ROM of the foot during pronation and supination because it locks and unlocks the foot

49
Q

What is the problem with having a high arch?

A

There is poor shock absorption

50
Q

What muscles work together to produce dorsiflexion? (x4)

A

Tibialis anterior
Peroneus tertius
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

51
Q

What muscles work together to produce plantar flexion? (x3+5)

A

Gastroc
Soleus
Plantaris
(also possibly tibialis posterior, peroneus brevis & longus, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus)

52
Q

What muscles work together to produce inverion/supination? (x5)

A 
Tibialis anterior (when foot is dorsiflexed)/ 
Tibialis posterior (when the foot is plantar flexed)
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Gastroc/Soleus (could help in pronated people0
53
Q

What muscles work together to produce eversion/pronation?(x4)

A

Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus teritus
Extensor digitorum longus

54
Q

What muscles work together to flex the toes?

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Intrinsic muscles

55
Q

What muscles work together to extend the toes?

A

Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Intrinsics

56
Q

What are some pathologies associated with supinated feet? (x7)

A 
Callousing
Bunions
Stress fractures
Heel spurs/plantar fascitis
ITB syndrome
Patellofemoral syndromes
Turf toe
57
Q

What are some pathologies associated with pronated feet? (x5)

A 
Callousing
Hallux valgus
Heel spurs/plantar fasciatis
Shin splints
Patellofemoral syndromes

Kinesiology and Pathomechanics (9 decks)

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