Lecture #5 (Muscle, Bone, Joint, Nerve)

Question 1

What provides support, muscle attachment, and protection of the body?

Answer 1

Skeleton

Question 2

What makes up the axial skeleton? Appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

Axial= skul, spine, sternum, and ribs
Appendicular= upper and lower extremities

Question 3

What is the part of bone separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage? What occurs here?

Answer 3

Epiphysis (growth plate)–changes in the skeleton such as growth

Question 4

What are the two types of bone? What do these two types allow?

Answer 4

Compact (dense outer bone)
Cancellous (open, spongy inner bone)
They all for bones to be light but yet strong

Question 5

What is cancellous bone good for?

Answer 5

Shock absorption

Question 6

What type of bone has a shaft or body with a medullary canal? Examples?

Answer 6

Long bones (i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, etc.)

Question 7

What type of bone is relatively small, chunky, and solid? Examples?

Answer 7

Short bones (i.e. carpals and tarsals)

Question 8

What type of bone is flat and plate like? Examples?

Answer 8

Flat bones (i.e. scapula, sternum, ribs, and pelvis)

Question 9

What are some examples of irregular bones?

Answer 9

Vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

Question 10

What is the straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end of the bone?

Answer 10

Mechanical axis

Question 11

True or false:

The mechanical axis can lie outside the shaft of a long bone.

Answer 11

True–think of the femur

Question 12

What type of joint has a synovial cavity? What type has no joint capsule and is only connected by cartilage or fibrous tissue?

Answer 12

Diarthrosis= synovial
Synarthrosis= no joint capsule

Question 13

What type of joint has irregular, flat, or slightly curved surfaces that permits gliding movements? Example?

Answer 13

Irregular joints…facets of spine

Question 14

What type of joint has a convex and concave surface, is uniaxial, and permits flexion and extension? Example?

Answer 14

Hinge…elbow

Question 15

What type of joint is a peg-like joint that permits rotation? Example?

Answer 15

Pivot joint….C1-C2

Question 16

What type of joint has an oval or egg shaped convex surface that fits into a reciprocal concave surface, that is biaxlial, and permits flexion/extension, ab/adduction, and circumduction? Example?

Answer 16

Condyloid joint…wrist or ankle

Question 17

What type of joint is a modification of a condyloid joint with both surfaces are convex and concave, is biaxial and permits flexion/extension, ab/adduction, and circumduction?

Answer 17

Saddle joint….thumb and clavicle

Question 18

What type of joint has the head of one bone fit into the up of the other bone? Example?

Answer 18

Ball and socket joint….shoulder hip

Question 19

What is the number of planes a joint moves in (normally)?

Answer 19

Degrees of freedom

Question 20

What type of joints are uniaxial (and have one degree of freedom)?

Answer 20

Hinge and pivot joints

Question 21

What type of joints are biaxial (and have two degrees of freedom)?

Answer 21

Condyloid (wrist and ankle) and saddle joints (thumb)

Question 22

What type of joints are multiaxial (and have three or more degrees of freedom)?

Answer 22

Ball and sockets and plane joints (possibly)

Question 23

What are the characteristics of a synarthrotic joint? What different types are there (with example)?

Answer 23

They have no articular cavity (so no capsule, synovial fluid, or synovial membrane) and the bones are united by cartilage or fibrous tissue
Cartilaginous= IVD, pubic symphysis
Fibrous= sutures of the skull
Ligamentous= between tibia and fibula, SI joint

Question 24

What type of movement occurs at a cartilaginous joint? A fibrous joint? A ligamentous joint? What are these joints examples of?

Answer 24

Synarthrotic joints:
Cartilaginous= bending and twisting
Fibrous= no movement
Ligamentous= limited movement of no specific type

Question 25

True or false:

Ligaments are the primary restraint to motion.

Answer 25

False–muscles should be the primary restraint because they are easier to heal vs ligaments

Question 26

What makes up fascia?

Answer 26

Fibrous connective tissue

Question 27

What is an important factor in resisting dislocation of a joint? Why?

Answer 27

Atmospheric pressure–the negative pressure in a joint capsule forms a vacuum and it helps to keep the vacuum sealed…or helps to suck back in the joint if a sublux occurs

Question 28

Is flexibility a muscular issue or joint issue?

Answer 28

Muscular

Question 29

Is ROM a muscular or joint issue?

Answer 29

It is a joint or flexibility issue…so it could be both. Flexibility can cause ROM deficits, but those deficits can come from somewhere other than flexibility (think of why we joint mob)