Lecture #5 (Muscle, Bone, Joint, Nerve) Flashcards
What provides support, muscle attachment, and protection of the body?
Skeleton
What makes up the axial skeleton? Appendicular skeleton?
Axial= skul, spine, sternum, and ribs Appendicular= upper and lower extremities
What is the part of bone separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage? What occurs here?
Epiphysis (growth plate)–changes in the skeleton such as growth
What are the two types of bone? What do these two types allow?
Compact (dense outer bone)
Cancellous (open, spongy inner bone)
They all for bones to be light but yet strong
What is cancellous bone good for?
Shock absorption
What type of bone has a shaft or body with a medullary canal? Examples?
Long bones (i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, etc.)
What type of bone is relatively small, chunky, and solid? Examples?
Short bones (i.e. carpals and tarsals)
What type of bone is flat and plate like? Examples?
Flat bones (i.e. scapula, sternum, ribs, and pelvis)
What are some examples of irregular bones?
Vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
What is the straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end of the bone?
Mechanical axis
True or false:
The mechanical axis can lie outside the shaft of a long bone.
True–think of the femur
What type of joint has a synovial cavity? What type has no joint capsule and is only connected by cartilage or fibrous tissue?
Diarthrosis= synovial Synarthrosis= no joint capsule
What type of joint has irregular, flat, or slightly curved surfaces that permits gliding movements? Example?
Irregular joints…facets of spine
What type of joint has a convex and concave surface, is uniaxial, and permits flexion and extension? Example?
Hinge…elbow
What type of joint is a peg-like joint that permits rotation? Example?
Pivot joint….C1-C2
What type of joint has an oval or egg shaped convex surface that fits into a reciprocal concave surface, that is biaxlial, and permits flexion/extension, ab/adduction, and circumduction? Example?
Condyloid joint…wrist or ankle
What type of joint is a modification of a condyloid joint with both surfaces are convex and concave, is biaxial and permits flexion/extension, ab/adduction, and circumduction?
Saddle joint….thumb and clavicle
What type of joint has the head of one bone fit into the up of the other bone? Example?
Ball and socket joint….shoulder hip
What is the number of planes a joint moves in (normally)?
Degrees of freedom
What type of joints are uniaxial (and have one degree of freedom)?
Hinge and pivot joints
What type of joints are biaxial (and have two degrees of freedom)?
Condyloid (wrist and ankle) and saddle joints (thumb)
What type of joints are multiaxial (and have three or more degrees of freedom)?
Ball and sockets and plane joints (possibly)
What are the characteristics of a synarthrotic joint? What different types are there (with example)?
They have no articular cavity (so no capsule, synovial fluid, or synovial membrane) and the bones are united by cartilage or fibrous tissue
Cartilaginous= IVD, pubic symphysis
Fibrous= sutures of the skull
Ligamentous= between tibia and fibula, SI joint
What type of movement occurs at a cartilaginous joint? A fibrous joint? A ligamentous joint? What are these joints examples of?
Synarthrotic joints:
Cartilaginous= bending and twisting
Fibrous= no movement
Ligamentous= limited movement of no specific type
True or false:
Ligaments are the primary restraint to motion.
False–muscles should be the primary restraint because they are easier to heal vs ligaments
What makes up fascia?
Fibrous connective tissue
What is an important factor in resisting dislocation of a joint? Why?
Atmospheric pressure–the negative pressure in a joint capsule forms a vacuum and it helps to keep the vacuum sealed…or helps to suck back in the joint if a sublux occurs
Is flexibility a muscular issue or joint issue?
Muscular
Is ROM a muscular or joint issue?
It is a joint or flexibility issue…so it could be both. Flexibility can cause ROM deficits, but those deficits can come from somewhere other than flexibility (think of why we joint mob)
