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PPO I > Lecture 6 and Hoppe > Flashcards

Lecture 6 and Hoppe Flashcards

1
Q

what does the perception of color depend on

A

the wavelength of the light, the wavelength change produces a color perception change

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2
Q

how much of the population does color vision deficiency affect

A

about 4.5%

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3
Q

what type is the most common in males

A

red-green deficiency

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4
Q

what percentage of males are affected by color deficiency

A

8%

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5
Q

what percentage of females are affected by color deficiency

A

0.40%

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6
Q

how can a person acquire color vision loss

A

due to disease of the optic nerve or tract (optic neuritis, glaucoma, tumors)

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7
Q

what is Kollners law

A

lesions of the outer layers of the retina cause a yellow-blue defect and the inner layers will cause a red-green defect

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8
Q

what is stereopsis

A

binocular visual perception of 3D space based on retinal disparity

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9
Q

can depth perception occur without binocular vision

A

yes, the brain can use monocular cues to aid in depth perception

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10
Q

what is apparent size

A

small retinal images are further away

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11
Q

what is interposition

A

nearer images conceal further away images

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12
Q

what is clarity

A

water, vapor, and dust make a distant object indistinct and the color is desaturated

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13
Q

what is shading

A

the shadow is interpreted as falling behind the object

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14
Q

what is geometric perspective

A

physically parallel lines converge to a vanishing point

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15
Q

what is relative velocity

A

the velocity of a distance object appears slower than a target moving at the same velocity that is closer

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16
Q

what is motion parallax

A

when you head moves, near objects appear to move in the opposite direction and far objects move in the same direction

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17
Q

what are the 5 static cues

A

apparent size, interposition, clarity, shading, and geometric perspective

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18
Q

what are the 2 kinetic cues

A

relative velocity and motion parallax

19
Q

what is an example of a secondary prevetion

A

a screening

20
Q

what is a chronic condition

A

once you have the condition, it stays

21
Q

what is an acute condition

A

you get sick but always return to a healthy state

22
Q

what is better to screen for, a chronic condition or an acute one

A

a chronic condition

23
Q

what is prevelence

A

proportion of people in a given population that have a particular condition

24
Q

what is incidence

A

the rate at which new cases arise within a given population

25
Q

what can you use to evaluate a screening

A

a 2 x 2 table

26
Q

what is a false positive

A

no condition, but were referred (incorrectly identified)

27
Q

what is a false negative

A

missed the condition in the screening, not referred

28
Q

what is a true positive

A

they were correctly identified and referred

29
Q

what is a true negative

A

they do not have the condition and were not referred

30
Q

what is sensitivity

A

accuracy of the screening procedure to correctly identify all individuals in a population who have a particular condition

31
Q

what is a true positive rate

A

(sensitivity) how many actual positives were correctly identified

32
Q

what is the formula for the true positive rate

A

A/ A + B x 100

33
Q

what are the advantages of sensitivity

A

few false negatives, used for serious but treatable conditions, used early to rule out disease

34
Q

what is specificity

A

the accuracy of the screening procedure to correctly identify those who do not have the condition

35
Q

what is the true negative rate

A

(specificity) how many negatives were correctly identified as not having the condition

36
Q

what is the calculation for the true negative rate

A

C/ C + D x 100

37
Q

what are the advantages of a specificity test

A

few false positives, used for condition with serious consequences, used to rule in disease or confirm a suspected diagnosis

38
Q

what happens to specificity as sensitivity rises

A

it declines

39
Q

what is a positive predictive value

A

probability that someone who failed the screening really does have the condition

40
Q

what is the calculation for positive predictive value

A

A/ A + B x 100

41
Q

what is negative predictive value

A

probability that someone who passed the screening really does not have the condition

42
Q

what is the calculation for the negative predictive value

A

D/ C+D x 100

43
Q

what is yield

A

the measure of the previously unrecognized cases that are treated as a result of the screening

44
Q

how is yield related to sensitivity and specificity

A

if either are low, the yield will be low

PPO I (3 decks)

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