Lecture 6 Flashcards
Biological changes:
ACOG - 2004
- nausea and vomiting is experienced by 70-85% of pregnant women
Zib, Lim & Walters, 1999
- fatigue experienced by 96.6% of first trimester mothers
Bialobock & Monga, 2000
- continuing factors include oxygen consumption, metabolic changes and oestrogen/progesterone
Nakiz & Eryilmaz, 2013
- found symptoms most likely to impact quality go life are urinating frequently, fatigue + heartburn (75-88%)
Key social transitions: woman to mother
Emmanuel & St John, 2010
- suggest becoming a mother encompasses several psychological changes:
- known to unknown reality
- new maternal identity w associated feelings, behaviour and skills
- renegotiating social roles e.g. employment, relationship with partner, wider family roles
- balancing demands
- experiencing losses - control, sleep, freedom, sense of self
Key social transitions: relationship and sexual functioning
Hansen, 2012
- common belief that parenthood is central to fulfilling romantic relationship
Mitnick, 2009
- relationship satisfaction and sexual functioning decline moderately among men and women from pregnancy to childs first birthday
Hanington et al., 2012
- increased marital conflict in the postpartum compared to pregnancy
relationship and sexual functioning 2
Twenge et al., 2003
- meta analysis of 90 studies comparing parents to childless individuals
- parent experience lower levels of relationship satisfaction than non-parents
- parents of infants report lower levels of relationships quality than childhood individuals or parent of older children
key psychological changes: adaptive anxiety
Fallon et al., 2016
- tightly linked to period of childbearing
key psychological changes: stress and response coping
Glym et al., 2014
- psychological reactions to stress response are attenuated during pregnancy when compared to non-pregnant controls
Entringer et al., 2010
- lab studies - Trier Social Stress Test - found lower stress responses in late pregnancy compared with early pregnancy
Hamilton + Lobel, 2008
- cope with stress more effectively during pregnancy
- avoidant coping strategies used less
- avoidant strategies associated w reduced prep for parenting, bonding problems, less preventative health care
Van den Bergh, 2005
- exposure to high levels of maternal stress during pregnancy has potential to adversely impact foetal development, birth outcomes, subsequent child and adult health outcomes
key psychological changes: post-partum blues
Edborgh, 2008
- found predominant mood experienced is happiness
Wilkinson, 1999
- both positive and negative mood states are significantly elevated in first 10 days after birth
Perinatal Depression
Nicholson, 2001
- paradox of loss theory
loss of autonomy, loss of time, loss of appearance, loss of sexuality, loss of occupation identity
PND - not just mums
Paulson et al., 2016
- paternal depression rates have found to be twice the national average in men in the same age group in US
Dudley et al., 2001
- predictors of paternal depression include infant related problems, prior experience of fatherhood and relationship quality
Paulson & Basemore, 2010
- meta analysis finds having a partner who is depressed increases risk of paternal depression
Field., 1998
- father support has been found to shield infants chronically depressed mothers from negative outcomes
Jackson, 1999
- reducing mothers parenting stress
Brunelli et al., 1995
- minimising negative maternal child-rearing attitudes
Perinatal anxiety
Kuo et al., 2004
- prevalence rates up to 43%
Muzik et al., 2000
- occurs independently of depression
Methodological Limitations
Wenzel., 2011
- perinatal anxiety becomes problematic when it consumes a sig proportion of woman time, prevents her from fulfilling her parenting role, interferes with self-care
Matthey, 2016
- lots of studies assume when anxiety is present in any form the women is ‘pathologically anxious’
Phillips et al., 2009
- do not address specific maternal or infant focused activities
PTSD after childbirth
Slade et al., 2016
- must include presence of 3 key symptoms which make PTSD after birth heard to treat
1. re-experiencing symptoms
2. avoidance and numbing
3. hyperarousal symptoms like sleep disturbances
Postpartum psychosis
Brockington, 2006
- severe mental illness with dramatic onset shortly after birth
- most cases represent variance of bipolar disorder
Perinatal wellbeing
Cacioppo & Bernston, 1999
- just as a positive effect into the opposite of negative effect - wellbeing is not the absence of mental illness
high risk pregnancies - causes
Davis & Miles, 2016
- 15% of pregnancies are affected by significant medical complications for mother and/or foetus
high risk pregnancies - parental responses
Price et al., 2007
- shock, uncertainty, sadness, excitement and happiness
Stark & Brinkley, 2007
- lower use of health promoting behaviours- diet, exercise, attendance at prenatal appts.
White et al., 2008
- lower quality of maternal-foetal attachment particularly is hospitalised women
high risk infants
Hamilton et al., 2010
- prematurity affects around 12% of births
Pelcovitz, 1996
- PTSD reactions are common - ‘are few life events as horrifying and as far outside the range of normal experience as coping with a life threatening illness in ones child’
Franck et al., 2005
- grief over the loss of parental role: insanity of grief similar to the grief of parents whose infant died in newborn period
Perinatal loss of grief
Cote-arsenault & Dombeck., 2011
- grief reactions are thought to vary ‘based on assignment of personhood’
Teenage pregnancy
Lodgson, Hipwell & Monk., 2016
- pregnancy and parenting prior to age 20 associated with compromised biopsychosocial outcomes
- competing biological demands of maturing and carrying baby
- social tension between adolescence and pregnant/parenting
- more common on low SES groups and individual w depression
Teenage pregnancy: poorer outcomes in pregnancy
Wallace et al., 1997
- on going maternal growth is a risk factor for low birthweight
Teenage pregnancy: positives?
Clemens (2013)
- 25 qualitative studies - 5 themes
1. reality of mother good brings hardship
2. straddling two worlds of motherhood and adolescence
3. motherhood as positively transforming
4. baby stabilising influence
5. positive influence of social support reshaping future
cultural context
Kitzinger, 2001
- experience of pregnancy and childbirth can be strongly rooted in cultures
Hertog & Iwasawa - shameful for women to become pregnant before marriage in Japan
Darby, 2007
- good health requires balancing the environment and intake of substances that are hot and cold
Onoye, Goebert & Morland, 2016
- biomedical model and medicalisation of pregnancy dominate western cultures
infertility
Deatsmen et al., 2016
- fertility declines as women age
Lampig et al., 2016
- particularly relevant to women who are career-focused or in higher education as these groups are more likely to put off childbearing
Psychological consequences of infertility
Matthews & Martin, 1986
- unable to achieve a desired life-course change
sense of isolation and alienation for the ‘fertile world’
loss of control and identity
Van Balen, 2002
- psychological distress and infertility linked
not being able to conceive causes stress
stress reduces the chances of pregnancy
some women report pregnancy after ‘all hope is gone’ - stress reduction
