Lecture 6 Flashcards
Who introduced the Western world to tobacco?
Sir Walter Raleigh
What did Christopher Columbus and Pedro Alvarez Cabral called tobacco?
The holy herb
What did tobacco used to cure?
Toothache, gingivitis, caries
- bites of poisonous reptiles and insects
- hysteria
- pain
- neuralgia
- laryngeal spasm
- gout
- respiratory stimulant
Medical uses of tobacco (1967)
What was tabacco administered by rectum for?
Constipation & Haemorrhoidal bleed
What disease was tabacco used to improve muscle movement?
Parkinson’s disease
What is the current population of current smokers in US?
27%
Percentage of teenage smokers in US?
25%
True or False: Most of those kille by tobacco are not particularly heavy smokers
True
When do most people start smoking?
As teenagers
How many years earlier do smokers die?
14 years
What are the chances that you will die of smoking if you smoke past the age of 35?
1 in 2
How many diseases does smoking cause?
About 40
What percent of death in females in smoking related?
8%
What percent of death in males is smoking related?
19%
How is TB transmitted?
Saliva
Germ theory & TB
They thought that chewing tabacco spead TB, so that is where smoking came in to play
Higher rates of smoking are in
lower socio-economic groups
Smoking, especially current smoking, is a crucial and
extremely modifiable independent determinant of
Stroke
Class A carcinogen and contains approximately 4,000 chemicals
Second-hand smoke
- can cause middle ear effusion
- increases the risk of croup, pneumonia and bronchiolitis by 60 percent in the first 18 months of life
- increases the frequency and severity of asthma episodes
- is a risk factor for induction of asthma in asymptomatic children
Exposure of children to second-hand smoke
When did the surgeon general release that smoking is bad?
After the stock market closed at 7 pm
Prolonged and heavy smoking disease reduces _____, and masks clinical inflammation
BOP
What does smokers have greater loss of?
Alveolar bone & independent plaque levels
Prevalence of ____ ______ defects twice as much in smokers
Molar furcation
What is 50% of peridontisis attributed to?
Smoking
BOP means
Bleeding on probing
Very sensitive measure of disease
BOP
Do you see BOP on smokers?
No
How can you tell a person has quit smoking?
BOP comes back
Progression of disease is more significant in
Younger smokers
Do maxillary or mandibular teeth have greater bone loss in smokers?
Maxillary
How does smoking effect implants
Early implant failure. 16 times higher than a non smoker
When should you quit smoking?
1 week before and 8 weeks after implant placement. (Becomes just 8x greater risk of failure)
Do smokers have more big or small blood vessels?
Small vessels that aren’t as useful
5 signs of swelling
Redness Swelling Warm to tough Loss of function Pain
Vascular response to inflammation is ___ in smokers compared to non-smokers
Lower
Effective targeting of infection doesn’t happen in
Smokers
_____ O2 tension in smokers with periodontitis than nonsmokers
Lower
____ O2 tension in healthy smokers, greater presense of inflammation
Lower
Nicotine can be stored and released from
Fibroblasts
Inhibit production of fibronectin and
collagen
Nicotine attached to fibroblasts
Impairs wound heeling
Action of nicotine of fibroblasts
Express receptors for nicotine, numbers decrease following cessation
Neutrophils
What affects the function of neutrophils
Smoking. (Unclear on upregulation or downregulation)
What lympocytes does smoking affect?
B cells, T cells, & NK cells
Show no change in NK cells following smoking
African Americans
If you quit smoking for 1 day it decreases your risk of heart attack by
.1%
Quit for 2-3 months lung function increases by up to
30%
What happens if you quit smoking for 2 days?
Smell and taste are enhanced
What happens if you quit smoking for 10-15 years
Risk of dying almost returns to that of people who never smoked
Risk of coronary disease decreases to than of nonsmoker. In
those with existing heart disease, cessation reduces the risk of recurrent
infarction or death by half
Quit smoking for 5 years
Excess risk of heart disease is reduced by half.
Quit smoking for 1 year
How many adults smoke?
42 million
5 As of intervention
- Ask
- Advise
- Assess
- Assist
- Arrange
1st cigarette of the day, most important cigarette, smoking when ill, number of cigarettes, difficulty in complying with forbidden areas
Fagerstrom test
Pre-contemplation,
contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
Transtheoretical model of readiness
Identify and document smoking status
Ask
Analyze a person’s willingness to quit
Assess
Offer cessation advice on regular basis, over an extended period, to all smokers
Advise
When do 75% of smoking relapses occur?
First 6 months
Brief, repetitive, consistent, positive reminders to quit from multiple providers (or reinforcement of a recent quit attempt) double success rate
Advice to smokers to stop
- Set quit date
- Tell family, friends co-workers about quitting and request understanding & support
- Anticipate challenges to planned quit attempt
- Remove tobacco products from environment
Plan developed
